Classroom Discipline Essay

Effective discipline is a challenge for all educators. â€Å"The issue of discipline, also referred to as classroom management, continues to surface as one of the most challenging problems in education today† (â€Å"The Discipline Dilemma: Problems and Promises. †). Research suggests in order to maintain a well-disciplined classroom, teachers must establish rules and expectations, enforce limits of rules, encourage and reinforce positive behavior, and effectively manage their classrooms. Effective discipline begins with rules, enforced with logical and meaningful consequences. Desired behavior is encouraged and positively reinforced. Teachers who manage their classroom efficiently use discipline as a teaching tool so students benefit and learn stability, order, respect, and values of law. â€Å"Strictly speaking, discipline means to teach, not to punish† (â€Å"Discipline as Teaching†). Setting clear, firm rules and expectation which leave little room for interpretation will establish a solid foundation by which a classroom will function. Begin the school year by setting clear rules, and using good morals and values to build positive expectations. The use of positive language will promote the behavior desired from students. Setting positive rules and expectations will give teachers and students the right mindset to start the school year off right. Start the school year off by setting clear rules. â€Å"The formulation of classroom rules from the beginning of the year has been found to be one of the most important components of effective discipline† (â€Å"Discipline in K through 8th Grade Classrooms†) The first day of school, while teachers are getting to know students and vice versa, is a good day to establish what is expected before any misbehavior can occur. Involve students in the rule making process. This allows them to voice what they expect of their classmates. Depending on the age of students, teachers may get unusual requests for rules; however, students may also have expectations of their peers which the teacher may not have thought of. Students should not make all of the rules for the class, so their input should be limited to an appropriate, manageable number. After rules are made, they should be discussed and posted where they can be easily seen. Students should fully understand what is expected so little room is left for them to interpret what they is desired. There should be a time for questions about rules so students can get clarification on any rules they do not understand. Students should also be able to demonstrate their understanding by putting the newly established rules to use in practice scenarios. By posting rules where they are easily visible, students can be easily reminded of what is expected of them. Most importantly, teachers should be prepared to change and revise rules if they are not functioning in the intended way. Include students in the change. They should give their input on why the rule is not working and how it should be modified to suit its purpose. Teachers are ultimately responsible to make changes. Once a new or modified rule is established, it should be put into effect and students should be reminded of the change when necessary. The use of good morals and values to build positive expectations will help students build character qualities that will enhance the learning environment. â€Å"The most effective and respected teachers express their beliefs, demands, and expectations within the context of clear values and goals that benefit learning† (â€Å"`Discipline with dignity’: Beyond obedience. â€Å"). Positive expectations tell what qualities are desired and how those qualities can be achieved. For example, honesty is a quality desired by all teachers and would be achieved by telling students to tell the truth all of the time. The quality is stated in a positive manner, instead of using the negative, â€Å"do not lie. † Use a mission statement to define what is desired and expected. The statement should give purpose to classroom rules. It should give a general explanation of what is expected and should communicate positive expectations effectively. The mission statement should also be used to troubleshoot behavior, by asking students if their behavior agrees with the expectations in mission statement. Give appropriate expectations so goals are attainable. When goals are reached, teachers should acknowledge the achievement and set higher goals. Students should have individual and class goals. Students learn and mature in different ways, making individual goals just as important as goals set for the class. Responsibility is a goal all teachers have for their students and as such a goal is reached, students should be given more responsibility and independence. Teachers should use positive language to promote the behavior they want from students. Effective teachers communicate in a way that promotes what is desired, rather than what is not desired. Rules and expectations should inform students what to do instead of what not to do. Teachers should refrain from using words like â€Å"do not,† â€Å"never,† among others. Rules should be put in a format that states a direction and an action. For example, â€Å"When getting in line, always line up in two lines with boys in one line and girls in another. † Telling students what not to do will leave students guessing what they are supposed to do. Teachers should speak using positive words, even when giving feedback on a negative situation. Teachers should set the example of positive behavior for students. Most students look up to their teachers. Sometimes, teachers are the only positive influence on students. In light of this, teachers should behave accordingly and be cautious of what they say and do in the presence of their students. When rules are not followed, teachers must enforce limits of rules with fair and effective punishment. It is necessary for students to be held accountable for their actions. Teachers should use action to enforce rules and communicate effectively with students to reach an understanding and solution. Students should be held accountable for their actions. â€Å"They [teachers] hold students accountable by expressing approval and disapproval, and they seek consequences that teach each student a connection between what they have done and what happens as a result of those actions† (â€Å"`Discipline with dignity’: Beyond obedience. â€Å"). When students are held accountable, they are learning that all of their choices have consequences. Broken rules should be enforced immediately. Teachers should correct misbehavior and broken rules as soon as they are noticed. Punishment should be done privately; however, correction should be immediate. If a teacher ignores one broken rule or behavior, the student will continue to test the limits of the established rules. Enforcement should be simple and should let the student know you see what is happening. For example, â€Å"It’s a good thing I like you,† â€Å"Here’s the deal: I’ll pretend I didn’t see that, and you never do it again,† â€Å"Consider yourself scolded,† â€Å"Can you solve that? Or do you need me to intervene,† â€Å"Am I driving you over the edge? † and â€Å"That’s inappropriate† (â€Å"Learning to Discipline. â€Å"). When rules are being enforced, teachers should focus on the rule broken, not the problem. For ten rules, there could be fifty problems. When enforcing rules, the problem should not be the focus. For instance, a student is talking while another student is addressing the class. When correcting the behavior of the student who is talking, the teacher should focus on the rule: Be respectful to all students and teachers. The situation can easily be corrected by saying something like, â€Å"You were talking while another student was giving a book report. Our rules say we are to be respectful to all students and teachers. † This method allows students to understand that talking is not always a problem, but they must follow the rules. Use action to enforce rules when needed. â€Å"Teachers must use action, not anger to control behavior† (â€Å"A Back-to-Basics Approach to Classroom Discipline. â€Å"). Teachers should avoid yelling at students as a control measure. Anger will upset students instead of correcting their behavior, and they may later lash out in anger. Action shows students the teacher is in control. When action is required, it should be swift and firm, without negotiation. If teachers threaten punishment, they should follow through. Punishment should be given the same day it is warranted, if possible. Once a punishment has been decided, students should not be allowed to negotiate the punishment or its terms. Use a variety of consequences and vary them for different students; not all students will respond to the same consequences. At the same time, using the same punishment over and over will not be effective. Subject work should not be given as a punishment. Use positive punishment when possible, giving students a chance to apologize in writing or in front of the class, or  rectifying a situation. Consistency is essential when disciplining students. Avoiding favorites is one way to ensure discipline will be consistent. Similar infractions should have similar consequences. If more than one student is being punished for the same offence, all of the students should receive a similar punishment. Effective communication is essential when correcting and disciplining students. A one-on-one conversation should take place that identifies the broken rule, explains the punishment and gives feedback. When speaking to students, teachers should ask for input from the student about the situation. In gathering information, teachers need to know the difference between a mistake and misbehavior; mistakes happen while learning while misbehavior is intentional. To maintain the dignity of students, teachers should have a one on one conversation to identify the reason a rule was broken and to gather any additional information needed to make a logical decision about a punishment. â€Å"Through conversation and social interaction with more capable adults and peers, students can negotiate ways to reach an understanding and/or a solution to the problem at hand† (â€Å"Classroom Management: Seventy-Three Suggestions for Secondary School Teachers. â€Å"). When enforcing discipline with a punishment, teachers should explain the wrong doing and why it goes against classroom rules. It is important to remember to focus on the rule, not the problem. Furthermore, the punishment should also be explained in detail to avoid any confusion. During the one-on-one conversation, teachers should give feedback on the negative behavior and why it is not desired. Include ways to keep the behavior from resurfacing. Also, talk about ways to further improve. Things discussed in this conversation should stay between the teacher and student. Reinforcement and encouragement of positive behavior by teachers is necessary for students to exhibit good behavior. The teacher must set the standards and go about efficiently and consistently shaping the appropriate behavior Teachers should encourage positive behavior. They should be a positive influence, but not force students to change. Teachers will be encouraging positive behavior by empowering students to make good choices on their own, while recognizing the consequences of the wrong choices. Ask questions before a rule is broken that requires the student’s thought and reflection. When teachers give students options regarding which choices to make, students will then think about the end result and the consequences of their choices. It is also necessary to reinforce positive behavior in a way that encourages students. Students learn to behave only as certain behaviors are reinforced. When reinforcing behavior, teachers should recognize good attitudes and the desires of their students to learn. Rewards are always a good idea when reinforcing behavior; however, students should understand a reward is something you earn, not something required. In effectively managed classrooms, the teacher is the authoritarian. Teachers should plan ahead and be prepared. The teacher should also be the final authority, especially concerning how students are to be and how the class schedule will run. In a classroom, the teacher is responsible for the learning that takes place. Successful teachers are prepared before coming to school, so they can begin reaching as soon as the late bell rings. Teachers must have lessons planned in advance and have daily objectives for each subject to be taught. Teachers should strive for a productive classroom where students are learning and achieving. â€Å"†¦two goals teachers should have: productive classroom environment and student satisfaction. â€Å"No teacher can truly succeed without achieving both goals† (â€Å"Classroom Management: Seventy-Three Suggestions for Secondary School Teachers†). Teachers should also be the authority for their students. It is the job of the teacher to lead students. Teachers have a duty to their students to structure their class schedule and decide how class time is best utilized. Teachers also have the responsibility to make an organized seating arrangement that allows students to learn and be productive, and allows for the teacher to reach each student. â€Å"Authoritarians know that students work and learn best in well-organized, directional, and purposeful classrooms† (â€Å"A Back-to-Basics Approach to Classroom Discipline. â€Å"). In conclusion, discipline is the foundation of a successful classroom. Research suggests in order to maintain a well-disciplined classroom, teachers must establish rules and expectations, enforce limits of rules, encourage and reinforce positive behavior, and effectively manage their classrooms. With established rules and positive expectations, students will know what behavior is desired. Teachers should be prepared for discipline problems with firm and fair action. Effective classroom management will allow for a productive and purposeful classroom. Whatever the causes of student misbehavior, there’s no denying that being able to skillfully handle it is a prerequisite for getting kids engaged in worthwhile content or moving peacefully from class to class. Works Cited Conte, Anthony E. The Discipline Dilemma: Problems and Promises Education. 2. 115. 308. Chemlynski, Carol. Discipline as Teaching. Education Digest. 3. 62. 42. Geiger, Brenda. Discipline in K through 8th Grade Classrooms. Education Digest. 2. 121. 383. Curwin, Richard L. `Discipline with dignity: Beyond obedience. Education Digest. 4. 63. 11. Metzger, Margaret. Learning to Discipline. Phi Delta Kappan. 1. 84. 170. McDaniel, Thomas R. A Back-to-Basics Approach to Classroom Discipline. Cleaning House. 5. 67. 254 Brainard, Edward. Classroom Management: Seventy-Three Suggestions for Secondary School Teachers. Cleaning House. 4. 74. 207.

Allelopathy Lab Essay

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this lab was to observe the effects of chemical warfare among plants. Plant seeds compete with other plants and seeds, for sunlight, and nutrients in order to germinate. In order to win dominance over other seeds, and reduce competition, plants produce and release a chemical in order to prevent other seeds from germination. This type of chemical warfare is referred to as allelopathy. Allelopathy exists in many parts of the plants such as leaves, roots, stems, or fruits, but not limited to just the plants. These toxic chemicals can also be found in the surrounding soil, to prevent other plants or seeds from absorbing proper nutrients to stimulate growth. Groups will test for the presence of allelopathic chemicals in plant shoots from the chaparral community. If the hollyhock exhibits allelopathy, then an extract will inhibit the germination, and or growth of the radish seeds. MATERIALS & METHODS The group prepared for this experiment in the lab of Professor Sadler at SBVC on the second floor of the HLS building. First, the groups set up for this lab by gathering leaves that Professor Sadler had already bagged and identified. Each sample was cleaned and striped of everything most importantly the stem, so that all was left was the leaf its self. Then each group weighed out Ten (10) grams of leaves, and then placed into a blender with One hundred (100) milliliters or water. The group then blended the leaves and water until the mixture was a very thin fluid. Three (3) folded cheesecloth’s were placed into a funnel in order to remove any solids from the fluid itself, then poured into a small beaker, to be used later on in the experiment. Then each group prepared two (2) Petri dishes, by placing three (3) filtered papers in the bottom of each Petri dish. After the filtered paper was placed into the bottom of each dish, twenty (20) radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) were then placed on top, and evenly distributed throughout both Petri dishes, as to make sure none of them were touching. A final filtered paper was placed on top of the seeds and ten (10) milliliters  were of distilled water was poured over the seeds of one Petri dish, the lid was then placed on the Petri dish and labeled â€Å"control†. In the other Petri dish, the ten (10) milliliters of the filtered and blended mixture was added to the second Petri dish to make sure the filter papers were evenly saturated. The second lid was then placed over the Petri dish and labeled â€Å" hollycock†. The Petri dishes will then sit for a week for germination and then evaluated. RESUTLS After one week of germination, the group removed the lids of each Petri dish, and removed each seed that had germinated and measured the length of the entire stem and leaves. Please notice the attached page for the data of each seed. In the Petri dish labeled â€Å"hollycock†, Experiment Group A. the group tested a total number of twenty (20) radish seeds (Raphanus sativus), out of the twenty (20) seeds, there was only a twenty-five (25) percent of germination, and only five (5) seeds had actually germinated. The length of each seed varied in lengths from the shortest, three (3) millimeters to the longest fourteen (14) millimeters. Each length of all twenty (20) seedlings were added up and divided by twenty (20) and the group averaged 2.7 millimeters in length of the germinated seedlings. In the second Petri dish labeled â€Å"control†, Experiment Group B, out of the twenty (20) radish seeds tested with just distilled water, a percentage of eighty-five (85) percent of successful germination, and the actual number was seventeen (17) actually germinated. The length of these seeds varied in sized from the shortest of seven (7) millimeters to the longest of ninety-two (92) millimeters. Each length of all germinated seeds from the controlled group were added up and then divided by twenty (20) and the average length of the germinated seedlings is 19.35 millimeters. DISSCUSSION As a result of this lab it has been prove that the hypothesis is in fact correct. In reference to the group’s data, the radish seeds exhibited allelopathy, but a majority of them not germinating. Allelopathy derives from two separate words, allelon which means â€Å"each other† and pathos means â€Å"to suffer.† It is a type of chemical warfare that is used between plants and against other plants. Oddly enough, experiment group B, the controlled group seeds, that received the distilled water, germinated more then the  experiment group A, the ones that received the blend of water and hollycock leaves. The only problem that the group faced was that it was difficult to completely blend the leaves of the hollycock plant to make it liquefiable enough to get just enough out to pour over the radish seeds. Other variables that could have possibly affected germination of the seeds, was but are not limited to, the amount of sunlight that was given to the seeds, and or if the liquid was evenly distributed. Although, the group measured out the exact amount of liquid needed for the seedlings, I can only wonder if some of the proteins or nourishments were left in the solid blending in the cheesecloths? In the end the hypothesis was supported by the groups data as the hollycock did exhibit signs of allelopathy.

Comparing the Fall of Han China and Roman Empire Essay

Han China and Rome were two of the most powerful and popular empires of their time, but they fell like any other empire before them. Han China and Rome’s Empires had the same causes for their declines, but their effects are different. The major reasons for the fall of Rome are truly those that have to do with Rome’s political and economic state. One of the Rome’s problems prior to its fall was the lack of respect for authority, among the citizens and military forces. All the attacks from the barbarians caused problems in the military. This basically led to a lot of political turmoil because of all the chaos that was born, and it started to make the military crumble as well. Rome’s economy started to go downhill too, after a long period of time, especially because of the gold. The Romans started using gold (coins) and because of that the trade shortage of the eastern regions of the Empire served to block the growth of wealth in the west. The major reasons for Han China Empire’s fall were also because of their economic and political problems, but the effects are different. One of Han China’s problems was the uprising of desperate and hungry peasants. Another problem was their lack of authority to the Han government, which caused the economic problem. The Han Empire was being invaded by nomads, which were also known as barbarians. These barbarians kept invading the empire and made them have to keep fighting, and provide military forces. This worsened the economy and Han finances. Han government had to hire foreign soldiers who only wanted to be paid for their services which made the economy even worse.

Thesis proposal about antibiotic resistance pathogens in fomities Dissertation

Thesis proposal about antibiotic resistance pathogens in fomities - Dissertation Example Few pathogens exhibit resistance to antibiotics. Genes that confer resistance to drugs can however be transferred between microorganisms (Hawkey and Jones, 7). This transfer can occur through three different ways namely; transformation, transduction or by conjugation. This transfer makes many bacteria to develop resistance. Antibiotic resistance can, therefore, occur naturally. In this natural occurrence, the causative gene becomes shared between organisms in close proximity of one another (Birgit Strommenger, 3). In such occurrence, the bacteria cannot be exposed to treatment. Exposure to antibiotics at this stage can cause evolutionary stress which leads to the development of the resistant trait. Plasmids can be defined as DNA molecules separate from the chromosomal DNA with the ability to replicate on their own (Abad and R M Pintà ³, 65). Most antibiotic resistant genes reside within these plasmids. The ability of plasmids to replicate independently makes it extremely difficult t o kill the microorganisms residing in them. Some organisms possess several resistant genes. Multidrug resistant is the formal name given to such organisms. Informally, they can be referred as superbugs. Executive summary This is a research based proposal which seeks to explore into the area of antibiotic resistance by commonly found infectious bacteria. ... The factors which aid the pathogens in the spread have also been put into consideration within this proposal. Introduction The extensive use of antibiotics in modern day medical treatments has brought about many challenges into the field of medicine. Several microorganisms when exposed to these drugs develop resistance to the drug. This in turn translates to a difficult dilemma to medical practitioners. The only way to treat these infections is through exposing them to drugs. This exposure, however, makes them develop resistance to the same drugs (Hawkey, 4). This proposal explores the various pathogens which have developed this trait. The role of these pathogens in Hospital Acquired Infection and the transmission routes for the pathogens are also evaluated. Causes of antibiotic resistance Numerous reasons have been cited for the widespread resistance to antibiotics in modern medicine. The extensive use of antibiotic in modern medicine has been one of the major contributors to this e merging trend. Overreliance on antibiotic has been a leading factor to the development of multidrug resistance among pathogens (Hawkey and Jones, 7). The multidrug resistant pathogens have also become prevalent between many bacterial species which did not previously exhibit these characteristics. This can be attributed to the ability of certain bacteria to transfer the resistant gene to others. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics by both doctors and patients alike has been quoted as the major cause of drug resistance. Other factors have been the addition of antibiotics into animal feeds, and fraudulent practices among the manufacturers within the pharmaceutical industry. There is a need for the individuals

LOVE DQ1 and DQ2 Comment To Peer Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOVE DQ1 and DQ2 Comment To Peer Response - Essay Example You also mention that one of the marketing goals of the firm is to increase customer traffic. Three of the best ways of turning customer traffic into sales are installing click to call features, chatting with customers online, and offering a try before you buy program (Flandez, 2012). I do not think that Marvel despite its low advertising rates poses that much of a threat to Mednet.com. Marvel is a search engine that does not have the capacity to offer detail medical information on a variety of different subjects. The healthcare industry is one of the most profitable industries in the United States. In 2010 the healthcare industry generated $2,708.4 billion in revenues nationally (Plunkett Research, 2011). There are thousands of health products available in the marketplace that could benefit from advertising at Mednet.com. You are correct in your assertion that one of the marketing goals of the company is to generate profits. â€Å"Profits are actually an extremely important feedback mechanism which helps producers determine whether or not they are making & selling things people want at prices theyre willing to pay† (Malone,

Propose a New Policy - same bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Propose a New Policy - same bill - Essay Example Therefore, in order to reduce this disparity a policy to monitor the nursing staffing standards for patient safety and quality care will be significant. The introduction of this bill will enhance the working conditions of the nurses. This is through protecting them from being overworked or exploted by the employers. On the other hand, the quality of health care delivery will improve significant as the concentration of a nurse towards the patient will improve significantly. This aspect will play a significant role in enhancing the safety of the patients. This is through compelling the healthcare centers to employ adequate number of nursing to serve the patients (Croskerry, 2009). Lastly, through the new bill, the health consumers will improve their trust towards the heathcare centers. The increase in the number of nurses in order to offer high quality care will have significant impact on the cost of health care in the country. This is likely to exclude many low income earners from accessing the services as the healthcare centers are likely to shift the burden of the extra costs to the

Overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict Essay

Overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict - Essay Example The conditions got exacerbated due to violent tradeoffs between both sides in their short span of history. Right from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, to the 1967 six-day war, and recent spate of suicide bombings from Palestinian side, in response to Israeli disregard to basic human rights needs of Arabs in the country. In this whole uncharacteristic mess, if there is light at the end of the tunnel, it is due to the number of peace treaties signed between the two sides, at the mediation of third parties like the United States and EU. The United Nations, on the other hand, has been the most important stabilizing force and this addresses the central question raised in the essay: What are the different sister organizations of the UN, instituted specifically for the Palestine problem What are their roles in relation to providing aid, relief and succor to bedraggled Palestinian civilians due to the never-ending nature of the problem What should be the future course of action, for the UN, and its sister organizations, in the era of changing global geopolitics, particularly the change in Government in Iraq, US stand-off with Iran, and the general climate in the Middle East The United Nations influence, however, has often been sidelined by major powers in the Security Council, especially the United States from time to time. A chapter in the UN peacekeeping guidelines handbook, contains harsh provisions with respect to "threats to the peace, breaches to peace, and acts of aggression", but often drastic measures taken by the UN are subjected to Veto disapproval (Zacarias, 1999). Under these provisions, the UN established its first UN Emergency Force (UNEF I) in 1956, and in 1965 again, a framework of peacekeeping was formed (Zacarias, 1999). But, a bipolar world then, and reverse ideologies made it impossible for the UN to act at its own discretion, as a peacekeeper in the Palestine problem (Zacarias, 1999). Whenever the strategic interest of a superpower was at stake, it was easy to ignore the UN mandate (Zacarias, 1999). However, since the end of the Cold War, there has been a resurgence in the UN's actual "powers" vis--vis International disputes resolution. It was the UN that facilitated Soviet troop withdrawal in Afghanistan, led to a peace agreement in Central America, led to political transition in Namibia, and undertook aid and peacekeeping efforts in many other places such as Gulf War Iraq, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq in recent times (Zacarias, 1999).

An organisational diagnosis of Nestl-UK using the Weisbord six-box Essay

An organisational diagnosis of Nestl-UK using the Weisbord six-box model - Essay Example In a general sense,organisational diagnosis is defined as a tool by which specific knowledge pertaining to reality in an organisation may be established in order to guide managers in understanding the organisation as well as its essential elements Project’s overall aims and objectives In a general sense, organisational diagnosis is defined as a tool by which specific knowledge pertaining to reality in an organisation may be established in order to guide managers and other decision makers in understanding the organisation as well as its essential elements, and in formulating necessary interventions (Grave, Gimenez, MendezA & Crubellate, 2001). As applied in this proposed study, however, the organisational diagnosis will be used as an instrument to examine whether or not the components of an organization are synchronous with the other components in order to facilitate the exploration of formal and informal systems, towards the promotion of greater organisational effectiveness as envisioned in Anderson (2010). The motivation to carry out this proposed research study was prompted by a generalization posited in Ely (1999) that â€Å"organizations are not simply gendered; they are also raced and classed† (p. 2). However, none of the studies surveyed during the preliminary review of literature and studies ventured to perform any method of organizational diagnosis to investigate relationships between the outcome of the diagnosis and the profile of the respondents who participated in the exercise. This is a gap in knowledge which this proposed study hopes to address. Hence, this study will attempt to perform an organisational diagnosis of Nestle, UK to identify problems or issues confronting the organization with the end in view of proposing interventions or alternative courses of action. Specifically, the objectives of the proposed study are to: (1) describe the profile of the members of the organisation in terms of gender, age, civil status, ethnicity, s ocio-economic status, position, and work experience; (2) examine the following organisational variables in terms of central tendency and dispersion : purposes, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, and attitude towards change; (3) identify the strong points of the organization based on the empirical results of the diagnosis; (4) identify the weak points of the organization based on the empirical results of the diagnosis; (5) investigate significant associations between the ratings generated in each of the organisation variables from the diagnosis and the respondents’ profile variables; (6) formulate strategies / interventions based on the outcome of the organizational diagnosis. The proposed study will be conducted with the Nestle UK headquarters as research locale, situated at St. Georges House, Croydon, Surrey, CR9 1NR. There are about 300 employees working in the Nestle Croydon office. A minimum sample of 119 is required for the office populati on, based on a web-based sample sized calculator (Raosoft, 2004). A screenshot of the calculation output is presented as Appendix A. An organisational diagnostic questionnaire adapted from Preziosi (1980) will serve as the main research instrument. The complete questionnaire is presented with this proposal as Appendix B. The independent variables in this study are the profile variables, namely: gender, age, civil status, ethnicity, socio-economic status, position, and work experience. On the other hand, the dependent variables are the components of the organization as enunciated in Weisbord (2011) and Preziosi (1980) namely: purposes, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, and attitude towards change. Literature review From a preliminary survey of existing knowledge in this area, there were at least 20 researches carried out since the 1970s, with the pioneering works of Preziosi (1972, 1980) and Weisbord (1976). However, not all the 20 studies utilized We isbord’s six-box model. Some of the earlier studies like that of Armenakis, Bedeian and Niebuhr (1979), Pond, Armenakis and

See the attachment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

See the attachment - Term Paper Example The Economists Dictionary of Economics defines Microeconomics as "The study of economics at the level of individual consumers, groups of consumers, or firms... The general concern of microeconomics is the efficient allocation of scarce resources between alternative uses but more specifically it involves the determination of price through the optimizing behavior of economic agents, with consumers maximizing utility and firms maximizing profit." Microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individuals behavior and decisions affect the supply and demand for goods and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and businesses are crucial. One key element of microeconomics is price theory. Theoretically, all markets are perfectly competitive, with supply and demand driving prices. However, individuals and groups can directly affect the supply and demand of products and services. Labor economics, for example, is based largely on the analysis of the supply and demand for labor of different types. An economic theory contends that the price for any specific good/service is the relationship between the forces of supply and demand. The theory of price indicates that the point at which the benefit gained from the people that demanded the entity,   meets the sellers  marginal costs is the most optimal market price for the good/service. Labor is a measure of the work done by human beings. Labor economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the market for labor. Labor markets operate through the interaction of workers and employers. Labor economics looks at the suppliers of labor services (workers), the demands of labor services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting pattern of wages, employment, and income(Freeman, 72-76). Market failure is a situation in which a market is inefficient in organizing

Financial Statements & Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Statements & Ethics - Assignment Example The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in alliance with the United States Congress in 2002 created the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). Starbucks Cafà © hired an external auditing firm to perform an independent audit of its 2010 financial statements. The Sarbanes Oxley Act mandates that all public firms hire an accounting firm to audit its annual financial statements. There are many bylaws of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that ensure auditor independence is followed. Section 201 of the Act prohibits auditors to perform other non-audit services on clients the company audited (Findlaw). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act also created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). All public accounting firms performing auditing work must be registered with the PCAOB. On November 2, 2010 the accounting firm Deloitte & Touche performed the Independent Auditor Report of the financial statements of Starbucks for fiscal year 2010. The findings from the audit were that the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material aspects, the financial position of Starbucks Corporation and its subsidiaries as of October 3, 201 0 and September 27, 2009 (Annual Report: Starbucks, 2010). My opinion is that contracting the services of outside firms for auditing and fraud detection services is a sound managerial practice. Based on SOX it is mandatory for public firms to hire external accounting firms to perform annual independent audits. The use of external consultants to prevent fraud can increase the efficiency of a system. The external consultants will look at the company from a fresh perspective. An employee might be closed minded and biased and may miss things due to overconfidence and carelessness. One of the cons of the use of external auditors and consultants is that they can very expensive. Consultants can not monitor the daily activities of a firm otherwise they would become full-time employees. There is a need to create internal controls to prevent fraud. These

At the end of the day, marketing communication does not deliver Essay - 1

At the end of the day, marketing communication does not deliver adverts, or direct mail pieces, or PR and corporate identity programs. We deliver results Discuss what you think is meant by this statement - Essay Example Those involved in marketing focus on catching consumers’ attention through catchy slogans, media exposure, redesigning packages and endorsements from celebrities. Marketing includes what is known as the four â€Å"Ps† which are product, people, place and promotion (Kerin, 2012). A result oriented business knows very well that it cannot afford to play around with marketing communication. Marketing communication is a fundamental part of any businesses marketing department. As a key element, communication plays a major part in marketing, as a process it uses words, signs, sounds, images, and behaviors to express ideas, feelings or even thoughts to a recipient. In short, it is conveying information to a recipient with an expectation of a feedback. With that knowledge, marketing communication simply put is the deployment of every media to convey a message to the market. It covers advertisements, branding, printing materials, direct marketing, packaging, online presence, sales presentations, PR activities, sponsorships and many more (MaRS, 2012). In as much as marketing communication has a hand in these activities, its main goal is to deliver results in the form of brand loyalty. Marketing communication is geared towards two major objectives; create a sustainable demand for the product (brand loyalty) and to make the sale cycle shorter (Marsdd.com 2012). Preference creation is often a long term objective as it is aimed at using tools of communication to place the company or product in the mind of the customers targeted. To place or position a product and build a brand is not an overnight adventure, but requires consistency and time in communication, product, pricing and distribution to show degree of commitment by the company. When preference is done through building brands, it helps impact the market share, access to talent and profitability as a means for company’s’ long term value provision. Communication through

Ethical Principles and Codes of Practice Essay Example for Free

Ethical Principles and Codes of Practice Essay Ethical principles and codes of practice can provide guidance in day-to-day practice. Analyse Peter’s situation in the case study and come to a conclusion about what would be an appropriate response. This essay will analyse the ethical principles and code of practice in relation to the case study of Peter, a man suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and will suggest a course of action for Peter’s situation based upon the application of these principles and the code. It will do this by examining the term ‘ethics’ and will focus on four ethical principles found to be relative to the kinds of ethical issues and challenges met within health and social care settings, these will be applied to the case study. Peter’s situation is that of a man, who, at the request of his family, unhappily (but apparently necessarily), moved to Parkside Manor, a small residential care home. Of late Peter’s condition of Alzheimer’s disease has advanced and he has become progressively uninhibited. His behaviour has caused the staff to question Peter’s placement at the care home, as some of the other residents are beginning to become troubled and distressed by his behaviour. Some staff feel that with the number of residents needing attention, Peter’s needs require more time than they have to give. However Peter’s family are resolute in their decision for him to remain at Parkside. ‘Ethics’ are defined as ‘the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it’ (Collins, 2006, p535). Individual values develop over time through socialisation, upbringing and experiences. These values when viewed on a personal level, guide individual actions. Individuals working in the health and social care setting also hold professional values derived from professional training and ideology. Decisions are made using both personal and professional values and all decisions will have an ethical dimension. Historically health and social care practitioners have been directed by principles and guidance, enabling them to develop what is described as a professional morality. Codes of practice have long been seen as regulations guiding practice, with clear standards of conduct (General Social Care Council, 2010, p 4). These usually include some exclusion’s such as disclosure of information but they mainly describe expected forms of conduct. In areas of health and social care ethical principles are used along with codes of practice to guide and enhance the decision-making process. These principles are related to a sense of doing the right thing or that which is moral and with ideas of what is good and bad practice (K217, Book 4, p28).This idea can be problematic and can be viewed both objectively and subjectively. If viewed from an objective point of view, who should be trusted to know what is the objective truth? If subjective, who is the one whose opinion should be listened to? Questions such as these are often at the core of dilemmas. Professionals working within health and social care environments do not just deal with decisions based upon the right and good. Consideration should also be given to ‘ethical dilemmas’, these are situations when two choices are apparent, both eq ual in morality and ethics (K217, Book4, p29). Pattison and Heller (2001) suggest, ethics and value issues thread their way through normal, daily health care practice, the interpretation of which is open to more than one explanation (K217, Offprints, p131). Although principles guide actions, there is still a need to assess a situation and devise an appropriate response. This assessment and response derive from an individual’s values and training as much as from principles. Ethical principles are important in the field of health and social care. Practitioners need to have the ability to make informed, ethical and justifiable decisions relating to the individuals in their care. This can be difficult when faced with a challenging case. Using a framework to develop a structured way of thinking through a particular ethical situation or challenge can be helpful. The ETHICS framework was developed to assist people working in care settings and offers a structured way of assessing a course of action in order to come to an ethically informed decision. It emphasizes the need to be able to select a course of action based upon guidance, information and established principles, as well as the individual’s beliefs. The framework requires practitioners to firstly, Enquire about the relevant facts of the case, Think about the options that are available to all involved, Hear the views of everyone (including service user, family members and relevant providers), Identify any relevant ethical principles and values which may help to guide the decision–making process, Clarify the meaning and consequences of any key values and finally Select a course of action offering supporting arguments (K217, Book4, p32). When taking into account the case study, four ethical principles will be examined. These are: respect for autonomy, non-malfeasance, beneficence and justice. The principles are seen as the starting points for the development of ethical approaches to care practice, providing a practical set of principles, which rather than offe ring direct answers to ethical dilemmas, set out useful guiding principles for practitioners when faced with controversial decisions (K217, Book 4, p34). In Peter’s situation, Autonomy or self-determination is complex. Respect for Autonomy refers to a commitment to respect the decision-making capability of an autonomous individual. Autonomy is the freedom to act as a person wishes, to be able to make decisions about their own life and not to be controlled by others. The case study points out that Peter ‘unhappily’ left his home, at the request of his family to move into Parkside Manor, indicating that Peter had no control over this situation. This lack of right to choose where he lives, directly impinges on Peter’s ability to be autonomous and make reasoned informed choices. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) identify two areas necessary for autonomy: Liberty or independence from control and Agency, the capacity for deliberate action (K217, Book 4, p39). When applying this principle to Peter’s case, it could be argued that a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s limits his capabilities to make decisions for himself, limiting capacity for intentional action and so reducing Peter’s ability to function as an autonomous individual. The codes of practice for social care workers (2010) state: ‘a social care worker must respect the rights of service users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or others’ (General Social Care Council, 2010, p9, 4.2). This causes a conflict of interest between Peter’s rights to act in a manner that he chooses and that of the other residents, who deserve to be able to move freely about the home without the risk of being upset or distressed by Peter’s actions. Staff may wish to take steps to minimise the potential risk of Peter’s behaviour causing mental harm and upset to other residents and by following risk assessment policies could asse ss the potential risks in this situation (General Social Care Council, 2010, p9, 4.2). Identifying harmful behaviour is multifaceted and open to interpretation. The assessment of risk could have serious consequences for Peter perhaps leading to a limiting of his rights and liberty in the interest of protecting others from harm (K217, Book 4, p60). Therefore over protection or unnecessary limitation could be considered an infringement upon Peter’s human rights (K217, Book 4 p65). The case study does not accurately point out if Peter has the mental capability to understand that his actions could be disruptive and upsetting for others. This being the case it may also be appropriate to talk to both Peter and his family about the situation in order to find a solution. As the code of practice maintains, ‘care workers must promote the independence of service users and assist them to understand and exercise their rights’ (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.1). It is suggested, that in cases where decision making capacity is deemed to be impaired, respect for autonomy may involve the care worker acting appropriately in an in dividual’s ‘best interests’ (K217, Book 4, p40). The difficulty here is that Peters best interests cannot be viewed without taking into account the best interests of other residents, care workers and relatives. This shows the limits of the code of practice in taking a narrow ethical view rather than trying to take a wider and more balanced perspective. Beneficence and the promotion of welfare are concerned with the provision of benefits and the balance of these against risk in the care and treatment of service users. It requires that care providers make a positive contribution to help others, not just refrain from acts of harm. It could be argued that in Peter’s case, moving into a residential setting may be seen as ‘doing good’. The theory of beneficence or ‘doing good’ is embedded in health and social care practice. Although, rather than being straightforward in its attempts to solve ethical dilemmas, beneficence can be viewed as being rather vague (K217, Book4, p34). The application of beneficence in Peter’s situation could be seen as a controversial one. The need to ‘do good’ in this situation could be seen to be against Peter’ s best interests, as in the case of consent. The case study alludes to the fact that Peter’s family are making decisions on behalf of Peter and that the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease means that he is incapable of contributing to decisions around his care and wellbeing. It could therefore be argued that this results in a paternalistic approach to care, whereby the family (who are making decisions on behalf of Peter) may be guided by practitioners views of what is in Peter’s ‘best interests’ and in doing so may neglect the choice and personal responsibility of the individual (K217, Book 4, p36). However paternalism may be viewed as acceptable if it is proved that Peter’s autonomy or decision-making capacity is compromised. In this case it may be advisable to initiate an assessment of Peter’s mental health capacity in order to justify the families’ involvement in the decision-making process. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) claim, the philosophy of non-malfeasance is an obligation to do no harm. Unlike beneficence, which promotes welfare and concentrates upon positively helping others, non-malfeasance focuses upon guiding health and social care practitioners to avoid harm-causing activities, this includes negligence. Having a duty of care for a person or persons in care is an ethical concept, neglect is an absence of ‘due care’ the lack of which would be seen as falling below the standards expected by the law and code of practice. The principle of non-malfeasance can be difficult to apply in practice (K217, Book 4, p37). Peter has not been physically harmed himself, although it could be disputed that his behaviour around Parkside Manor could be having a detrimental effect on the wellbeing of the other residents who are beginning to be upset by Peter’s uninhibited behaviour. Section 3 of the codes of practice for social care workers may guide staff in pr omoting the independence of other service users (residents) in assisting them to understand and exercise their rights to autonomy. Also for staff to use the appropriate procedures and protocols in which to keep other service users safe from harm (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.1). As stated, Peter’s ability to make decisions about his care could be impaired, as in the right to choose where to live (which was made at the request of his family). However, maintaining Peter in his own home, as was his wish, would require extra resources such as daily social care help. If this was unavailable, Peter’s wish to remain in his home could be seen as detrimental to his health and wellbeing as his condition deteriorated and this would not uphold the principle of non- malfeasance. The moral principle of justice according to Beauchamp (2006) is fairness in the distribution of benefit and risk (K217, Book4, p42). It can be viewed as fair, impartial and suitable treatment for the autonomous individual. This suggests that everyone has the right to participate in the decision-making process surrounding the ir own treatment. This clearly is not the case for Peter, as he may no longer be classed as an autonomous service user and may not be able to articulate his needs or desires in respect of his care. In this case the staff may wish to assign a person as an advocate to represent and support (where appropriate) Peter’s views and wishes (General Social Care Council, 2010, p6, 1.2). The case study also identifies the staffs growing concerns about their own abilities to be able to give Peter the care that he requires, with some suggesting that his needs demand more time than they have available. The code of practice sets out clear guidelines for staff in Section 3, stating that any resource or operational difficulties experienced by the care worker is to be brought to the attention of the employer or the appropriate authority (General Social Care Council, 2010, p8, 3.4). Staff working within the care home are under increasing pressure to cope with the demanding behaviour that Peter displays and in this case may feel that they are neglecting the other residents because of Peter’s growing needs. This highlights the problem staff have in distinguishing fairly between those that are seen to need support and those that are not. Discrimination such as this all be it without intention of causing harm, raises questions of inequality. As highlighted, codes of practice and other ethical guidelines are not without their limitations. These limitations are often down to an individual’s freedom of choice and their views of what is right and wrong. Codes of practice deal in respect of that is the ‘norm’ not the ‘usual’ and at this point common sense and a corporate view are necessary. Using the four principles to analyse Peter’s situation is far from simple as the principles themselves are open to individual interpreta tion. The task for those directly involved in Peters care, such as family, professionals and the care workers at Parkside, is to ascertain their legal, professional and ethical positions and balance these against the need to protect and care for other residents and staff within the care setting. This may involve identifying ways to reduce the risk to others and to Peter’s dignity and privacy. As the code of practice states ‘a social care worker must respect and maintain dignity and privacy of service users’ (general Social Care Council, 2010, p6, 1.4). Some of the staff at Parkside have begun to question if the placement is an appropriate one given Peter’s growing needs. Staff at Parkside Manor could begin to examine ways of improving the care and support on offer to both Peter and the other residents by firstly initiating an assessment of Peter’s mental health capacity, in order for staff to better comprehend Peter’s level of understanding and to further meet his needs. This will form part of a support plan that will identify resources necessary to meet his growing requirements. The case study does not adequately highlight if Parkside Manor is equipped to deal with mental health problems such as Alzheimer’s or if the population is that of older residents with general care needs. One solution for the family may be to investigate the possibility of an alternative placement for Peter. Placing Peter in a more suitable setting where the staff are more used to dealing with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease could enhance quality of care and increase Peter’s quality of life. Bibliography Collins, 2006, Collins Concise English Dictionary. Glasgow, HarperCollins Publishers. Open University (2010) K217, Adult health, social care and wellbeing, Chapter 14, Ethics in health and social care. Milton Keynes,The Open University Open University (2010) K217, Adult health, social care and wellbeing, Offprints, Swimming in a sea of ethics and values. Milton Keynes,The Open University General Social Care Council, 2010, Codes of Practice for social care workers. Available at: http://www.gscc.org.uk/cmsFiles/Registration/Codes%20of%20Practice/CodesofPracticeforSocialCareWorkers.pdf [Accessed 25/02/12] Gillon Raanan, 1994, Medical ethics : four principles plus the attention to scope. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540719/pdf/bmj00449-0050.pdf [Accessed 09/03/12]

ExxonMobil Change Management Strategy

ExxonMobil Change Management Strategy 1. Abstract ExxonMobil is the largest international oil and gas company that holds industry-leading inventory of global oil and gas resources and also the largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products. They constantly look ways to find better, safer and cleaner ways to deliver the energy. ExxonMobil was formed on 30th November 1999 by merging Exxon and Mobil. Petroleum refinery has developed in respond to changing demand. There are 4 main processes in refinery and that is distillation, thermal cracking, catalytic and treatment processes. Prince William Sounds is a private location and gives major problem to industry and government during the response effort after the oil spill incident. The disaster made a massive impact to environment, economically and socially. Positive changes in the oil refinery industry are Operation Integrated Management System, OIMS that is a better radar system and Coast Guard in Prince William Sound. 2. Introduction On March 1989, Exxon Valdez tanker en route from Alaska to Los Angeles, California ran stranded on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The vessel was traveling out from normal shipping lanes in an attempt to steer away from ice berg. For the reason remains unclear, the tanker failed to turn back into the shipping lanes and ran aground on Bligh Reef on March 24, 1989 at 12:04am. Within 6 hours grounding, the Prudehoe Baycrude oil spilled roughly 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallons cargo. Most of the tanks on board were damaged. The spilled oil finally impact over 11 hundred miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska. The disaster makes the Exxon Valdez the largest oil spilled to date in U.S. waters. 2.1 Objectives of the Assignment From this report, many information on ExxonMobil Corporation you can discover such like the aims and objectives of the company, the oil and refinery industrial processes and operations, risks in all areas that leads to the oil spill disaster and pollution, consequences and all the hazards of the oil spill disaster, the improvement and changes in the management systems to prevent the disaster from occurring. 3. ExxonMobils aims and objectives ExxonMobil Corporation is a merger of two companies, Exxon and Mobil, which took place in 1999. This made the company one of the biggest public listed energy companies in the world with subsidiaries in over 200 countries. ExxonMobils core business is energy and it encompasses exploration and production of crude oil, natural gas, manufacturing petroleum products and transportation. They are also involved in sales of crude oil, natural gas and petroleum. ExxonMobil Corporation is also a major player in manufacturing and marketing of basic petrochemicals including polypropylene plastics, polyethylene, olefins, aromatics and a wide variety of specialty products. They also have interest in electric power generation facilities. It is committed to being the worlds premier petroleum and petrochemical company. Yet, they must continuously achieve superior financial and operating results while simultaneously adhering to high ethical standards. 3.1 ExxonMobil Sectors Aim and Objectives The aim and objectives of ExxonMobil Corporation is divided into a few sectors: Exploration: finding opportunities in concepts and plays that have high uncertainty but potential to give a long term resource growth. Exploration is pursued despite of life cycle, across geological and geographical environments leading to technology and capabilities Development: Focuses on better and industry-leading project implementation to deliver maximum value over the assets life. They also focus on disciplined investment decisions that increase reliability, profitable volumes and reduce cost. Production: Maximizes profit production by leveraging their global organization to manage oil and gas assets by applying the best practices and also sharing of experiences, learning and expertise. They describe the priorities globally with a special organizational structure combining with a set of globally consistent processes Refining and Supply: Operates network of vital and dependable, pipelines, marine vessel and distribution centers that give transportation of supplies to customers around the world. With the growing demand, they optimize their network and use selective capital investments that yield a competitive advantage. Fuels marketing: serves a dependable and profitable channel to their refineries by selling high-quality products and services to make long-term value. They focus on greater safety and environment performance. Lubricant and Specialties: serves long-term value by striving to become the head of high-technology and recognized synthetic lubricant brands. The product could maintain the top performance with fuel economy, energy efficiency and also extensive equipment life. Chemical: viewing on commerce that leverage benefit feeds of enabling technology that optimizes feel flexibility with their assets and giving access to a big variety of feedstock with addition with the upstream and downstream of the organization management. They also focus on businesses that leverage lower-cost manufacturing process by having proprietary technology, operational excellence, integration and scale combination. 4. The Oil and Refinery Processes and Operation in ExxonMobil W.R. Grace and ExxonMobil came up with their own way to increase productivity and reduced losses that are they developed a membrane-based process for improving solvents used in the refining lubricants. It provides superior yields of lube oil while concurrently overwhelming less energy, reducing cooling water use and potentially reducing level of volatile-natural emissions from the dewaxing operation. The yield increase equates to a typical commercial plant of about 2 million barrels of crude oil per year. By improving and recycling the dewaxing solvent while bypassing the energy intensive parts of plant, a single facility can decrease oil consumption by 36 thousand barrels per year and greenhouse gas emissions by about 20 thousand tons per each plant. The same plant can reduce cooling water by nearly 4 million gallons per day. The release of the solvents which are unstable organic materials can be reduced by 50 to 200 tons per year per plant depending on the mechanical condition of its equipment. This technology was first implemented commercially at ExxonMobils Beaumont, Taxes refinery. It easily retrofitted into existing plants or in corporate into new plant design and currently trademarked process max-dewax. ExxonMobil refineries operates a worldwide integrated network of consistency and efficient refineries, marine tanker, distribution centers and pipelines that serves transportation fuels, feed stock, lubricant and other high-value products to their customers. The corporation proven business model to pursue operating excellence while leveraging their global scale and integration across to capture cost efficiencies and improve limitations. Their global supply organization optimizes their network as well as selection and procurement of raw materials supply of product to customers and placement of their equity crude. They meet the growing demand through selective capital investments that give way competitive benefits. ExxonMobil Safety Goals To Protect Their People. The safety efforts are driven by clear objective Nobody Gets Hurt. Its a goal for employees and contractors alike, while ExxonMobil is a leader in the industry that has low incident rates. The corporation took an efficient move towards to hazard acknowledgement, safety work planning, field confirmation and measurement of fulfillment against their safety standards. The effort includes extensive computer based training and also increasing use of simulators. All complemented by specific test and confirmation of each workers consideration and capabilities. Protect Our Facilities They work untiringly to uphold the integrity of their operations. Its begins with implementing and determined to upgrade upon sound industry level. Instant example, they work for establish through the NPRAs National Safety Conference and the API. But it goes well beyond that. The process in the start-up and shutdown mode less than 5% of the time, near 40% of incident happens during these take-off and landing periods. Therefore, they currently conducting passing HAZOPs to proactively verify the unique risks that passing operations can present. There are also attempting to calculate the standard of risk that for each scenario/potential incident. To help identify risks, they have adopted a game-changing operation based on Incident Risk Analysis Tool. This tool scores the vital potential result of an incident in addition to procedures the layers of security in place to avoid such a situation from happening. Protect The Environment ExxonMobil strives to run business in a compatible method with the ecological and economic needs of the communities. This twin challenge stores energy in the forms necessary for economic growth, as protecting the environment. The environmental management is guided by Protect Tomorrow, Today. The tool in measuring environmental routine is a comprehensive site-by-site deliver of emissions. This enables to define site-specific priorities for development and construct an Environmental Business Plan which integrates environmental upgraded aims into business plans for each facility. They are also relentless pursuers of energy efficiency. They developed energy efficiency system by collecting knowledge from operators and engineers. Protect The Community They struggle to make a positive involvement to the living and welfare of the local community. This forms as of creating citizen optional panels to chains local contractors and vendors on top of supporting humanitarian activities. The key to their ER preparedness is maintaining the relationship with government agencies, law enforcement, state, country organizations and local communities. They made detailed plans for different types of emergencies and drill them regularly at the plant level. They hold 2 worldwide drills every year, appealing a wide network across their global organization. Most of the drills are matched with nearby plants, home responders, officials and the public leaders. They also use these to learn and consult with their neighbors. 5. Risks that Lead to the Oil Spill Disaster and Pollution 5.1 Five Causes That Leads to the Accident The National Transportation Safety Board determined and identified 5 probable causes of the accident: The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel due to fatigue and excessive workload The master failed to provide proper navigation watch due to impairment from alcohol The company failed to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for the vessel The U.S. Coast Guard failed to provide an effective vessel traffic system Effective pilot and escort services were lacking In the accident that night, 8 of the 11 tanks on board were damaged. The spilled oil would finally impact over 11 hundred miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska. The sociocultural and psychological impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill were examined in a population-based study of 593 men and women live in 14 Alaskan communities roughly about one year after the spill occurred. Between the oil spill exposures, progressive dose-response relationships were found and the following cleaning efforts and the next variables such as reported: 5.2 Reported Variables in Dose-Respond Relationship and the Subsequent Cleanup Effort A decline in traditional social relations with relatives members, links, neighbors and co-worker A decline in continuation production and circulation activities Increase in the quantity of troubles related with drinking, drug violence and home violence A decline in observed health grade an increase in the amount of medical form confirmed by a doctor Amplified post-spill charge of global anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression. Alaskan local resident, women and 17 to 45 year olds in the high and low exposed groups were mostly at risk for the 3 psychiatric disorders. As the result of the oil spills suggest, result on the psychosocial environment was as major as its effect on the physical situation. The effect also has vital theoretical and practical implication for the perceptive and improvement of unpleasant effect of long term processes of sociocultural changes. 6. Consequences of All the Hazard of the Oil Spill The spill and its environmental consequences alongside its devastating communications were massive. The disaster cost roughly around USD 7 billion dollars including the cleanup costs. USD 5 billion dollars of this was the largest penalizing fines ever handed out to a company. The oil spills disaster results of coastal and offshore waters occupied by nearly one million birds. More than 30 thousand dead birds and almost 90 species were found dead by 1st august 1989. They recognized Murres (74%), other Alcids (7%) and sea duck (5.3%) suffered the highest mortality from oil and most of 88% birds were killed outside of Prince William Sound. A colony of 129 thousand Murres at the Barren Island was mostly devastated. From 1st August to 13th October, another 7000 birds were retrieved but most of those birds appeared to have died from natural causes. This later die off was composed largely of shearwaters and other procellariids(51%), gulls (22%), and puffin (14%). 100 thousand to 300 thousand birds were killed by the disaster and estimated by aerial and ship-based surveys for population at risk and extrapolating from the number of birds recovered. The damage to the companys reputation is more important and more difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, Exxon lost market share and slipped from being the largest oil company to the third largest in the world. The Exxon Valdez entered the language as a shortcut for corporate arrogance and damage 7. Improvement and Change Done By ExxonMobil In the result of the accident, ExxonMobil undertook important operational reforms and implemented a very systematic operational management system to prevent future incidents. The system has been applied globally and nothing similar occurs after the accident. They believe their subsequent record of safety stems first and foremost from disciplined and systematic improvements they made. The corporation considers this strong performance encouraging and it serves as a solid platform for continuous improvement efforts. In the result of the oil spill accident, ExxonMobil redoubled its commitment to safe guard the environment, employees and operating communities worldwide. As for the improvement of them prevention, they have done; 7.1 Prevention Improvement Modified the tanker routes Instituted drug and alcohol testing programs for safety sensitive positions Restricted safety-sensitive positions to employees with no history of substance abuse Implemented more extensive periodic assessment of ExxonMobil vessels and facilities They strengthened the training programs for vessel captains and pilots. Applied new technology to improve vessel navigation and ensure the integrity of oil containment systems. In the event a spill occurs, the corporation also has improved their respond capability, such as; 7.2 Respond Capability Improvement ExxonMobil is a founding member of every major oil spill response teams worldwide. There are over thousand ExxonMobil employees involved in oil spill response team worldwide The company holds frequent, extensive oil spill drill at various ExxonMobil locations around the world. ExxonMobil has developed and applied new spill-detecting technology. 8. Conclusion From the report, we learned about ExxonMobil Corporation. We study on ExxonMobils aims and objectives and we know how the corporation strives to be the number one oil and gas companies in the world. ExxonMobils refinery process and operation taught us their way to increase productivity and reduced losses. They developed a new process called membrane-based process for improving the solvent used in the refining lubricants. They also operates a worldwide integrated network of consistency and efficient refineries, marine tanker, distribution centers and pipelines that serves transportation fuels, feed stock, lubricant and other high-value products. On March 1989, an oil spill disaster occurred and gives massive pollution to environment. Just because of human and technical error, Prince Williams Sound seriously polluted. Thousands of birds and 90 species were found dead after the disaster take place. Its the largest oil spilled to date in U.S. waters. After the accident, ExxonMobil took a very systematic operational management system in order to prevent the future accident. Since they applied the system, nothing similar occurs after the accident. This tragedy can be useful experience for engineers all over the world. Every action must be seriously analyzed before proceeding to the next step.

Small businesses in entrepreneurship

Small businesses in entrepreneurship TOPIC: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES FACED BY SMALL BUSINESSES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP INTRODUCTION: Evidence suggests that small business stands a significantly higher chance of failure than a large business yet many small businesses survive and some grow. The following points have been discovered that hinders the success of small firms in entrepreneurship, economies of scale, human capital implementation, limited resources, geographical location, and management skills, thus management service is a key differentiator between good, bad and indifferent companies. People become frustrated when their expectations are not met. We operate in an increasingly global economy, which is highly competitive. Recently customers have a more extensive range of choices for products and service hence the importance of superlative management skill should be devised. Good management service keeps customers coming back; while awful customer service drives them away, taking their friends, workmates and families with them along. It is highly crucial in ensuring that small businesses not only survive but grow in the quality of management, hence lacking key management services could limit the success of small business. In this literature I am going to analyze, compare and contrast the problems faced by small businesses in entrepreneurship. PURPOSE OF LITERATURE: The purpose of a literature review is to explain or briefly analyse the work that has Been reported on a particular topic or field. Literature reviews form a central component of Research reports and technical articles for an important reason, it is also a process whereby one establish theoretical framework for a topic or subject area. It is very important to identify the key terms of the literature terminology. This includes the dependent variable and independent variables. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Ø Why do small businesses encounter so many difficulties at start up point? Ø What are the major problems influencing small firms in entrepreneurship? Ø Is it relevant to acquire entrepreneurship skills before venturing into small business? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: Ø To compile a variety of entrepreneurial ideas related to entrepreneurial opportunities using various techniques. Ø To recognize the importance of planning and give examples of how planning can overcome problems. Ø To analyze obstacles and explain how these obstacles may impede creative thinking and generation of new ideas. Ø To summarize the personal entrepreneurial skills and demonstrate these skills in a variety ofsituations. INTRODUCTION: According to Paula McCoy Pinderhughes, an entrepreneur is a person who visualizes or possesses a burning desire to make a change through hard work, dedication and determination, knowing that it will satisfy their ultimate personal and business objectives. On the other hand, Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to the type of personality who is willing to take upon her or himself a new venture or enterprise and accepts full responsibility for the outcome. Jean-Baptiste Says, a French economist is believed to have coined the word entrepreneur first in about 1800. He said an entrepreneur is one who undertakes an enterprise, especially a contractor, acting as intermediate between capitals and labour Typically, entrepreneurship means a company is being formed with the express goal of becoming larger through an aggressive growth agenda. Entrepreneurship is a corporate spin-off or start up. Small business is a family-owned company or consortium of professionals that is formed with specific objectives in mind. In most cases, aggressive growth is not as important as providing adequate income for the owners. The common denominator of all forms to start-up and new businesses is that they are unknown in the marketplace. This is the major challenge to any new business. For example, the launch MLife at a recent Super Bowl created a substantial amount of confusion as to what exactly was being offered. While the companys website was flooded with inquiries (so much so that it crashed), most people did not bother to find out and the take-off was slow. Many consumers are cautious about trying new goods, services or companies. Purchases are often based on known brand names and familiar purchasing patterns. It is much easier for customers to purchase the same brand they have always purchased or another brand name they recognize or have used. To be considered, a new business must move the brand into a person or businesss evoked set of brands. This dilemma is heightened by the massive amount of marketing clutter that all companies face. Overcoming clutter is especially difficult for new firms with limited budgets for marketing and promotion. Traditional methods of advertising and consumer promotions may not be enough to get recognized. Company leaders must be sure to deliver on promises and provide a high quality experience especially on the customers first purchase. On bad encounter will often lead to a negative word of mouth. A new business will probably not get a second chance if the customer has a bad experience. THE PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES Today, with the internet boom, entrepreneurs have become one of the most dynamic forces in the economy. Entrepreneurs are now driving the technology boom, which is itself driving much of the worlds economic growth. This makes entrepreneurs very important from a macro-economic perspective. They have become a broader economic phenomenon that has a major impact on the economy. As the globalism of business becomes even more widespread, this impact will be felt even more deeply. Entrepreneurs are already becoming a major force in developing nations and in the economy worldwide. The scope of what entrepreneurship involves will continue to change and evolve as the world continues to change and evolve, and yet there are some common issues of how to start a business, how to finance the business, how to run the business that within this community we can share and learn from each other. While we still have many heroes and stories, entrepreneurism is an established field with a wide range of issues at all stages of the enterprise. A common factor for all entrepreneurs is the challenge of starting a business, be it through inventing something, looking for a new idea within a business, finding the right opportunity to break into a business or buying into a franchise. And these entire take planning organizing all the aspects so that the entrepreneur can reach his or her goals. All entrepreneurs are also faced with financing their entrepreneurial venture. Even entrepreneurs usually are faced with financial hurdles within corporate rules. So unless the venture comes from ones own pocket getting money is a challenge that requires preparing funding proposals or applications to be written and/or presented for loans, venture capital, angel investors or even IPOs. There is so much information written about these stages of an entrepreneurial venture that sorting the good from the bad is an overwhelming challenge in and of itself. Once past those challenges, however, one would think there would be smooth sailing. Given the business has a good plan; everything should proceed with minor glitches. However, the implementation stage seems to be the real make-or-break point of an entrepreneurial venture. There are hypotheses that part of the problem is that idea people and implementation people are very different breeds of people, but there are enough exceptions to that rule that is a difficult position to defend. More realistic, perhaps, is that there are such a wide variety of skills needed at the implementation stage, that no one person can have the skills to manage all the functions well. The real talent is for entrepreneurs to recognize what they do well and then find employees or subcontractors who can fill the gaps. One way to look at this implementation stage is to look at how many different skills are involved in operating a business. Operating a business involves employees, marketing, advertising, sales, communications, public relations, legal needs, government regulations, equipping the office, risk management, disaster planning, crisis management, insurance, technology, hardware, software, the internet, and the financial aspects of the company bookkeeping, managing debt, taxes, and barter. Without a strong technical basis, there is no business. Above and beyond this, however, is the conceptual aspect of management: ethics, leadership, growth philosophy, and even the exit strategy of the company. These are much less tangible, yet set the overall theme and direction that the business will take. CRITICAL CHALLENGES 1. Money While there are some types of businesses that can be started on a small budget, one will need access to capital to fund the business, whether that money comes from another source of household income or from some type of loan, there is a need to be realistic about startup costs. New entrepreneurs often underestimate the length of time it takes for a business to become profitable and the amount of money they will need to invest in the business before its profitable. Developing a thorough and honest financial plan will help to avoid this mistake. 2. Skill and Knowledge Employees responsibilities are limited to a narrow job description. However, at the launch of a business, one becomes responsible for everything from research and development to product delivery to bookkeeping. That means there will definitely be some tasks that will be beyond the owners area of expertise. Depending upon the scope of the business, the owner may or may not have staff on board to handle different responsibilities. It is important to be honest about your own limitations and seek out expert advice and the support of good mentors when needed 3. Feedback Being an entrepreneur, particularly if it is a very small or home based business, it will likely feel at times that one is working in isolation and that can cause one to question decisions. Because it takes time for a new business to become profitable, its very helpful to find other sources of feedback beyond the latest sales figures to assess the growth of their business. Seeking out and meeting with other entrepreneurs can help give feedback needed to understand and assess the growth of their business. 4. Time When you are becoming an entrepreneur, youll work harder for yourself than you would ever work for any employer. While self employment can bring flexibility to your work schedule, building a successful business requires a large investment of your time. It will be important to schedule specific work hours, and arrange childcare if necessary. Setting goals can also help you to stay on track. With all of those challenges, why would anyone become self employed? Here are some of the rewards of being an entrepreneur: BENEFITS 1. Money When you are someones employee, the amount of money you earn is limited by the labour market. Youll earn the going rate for your field and typically not much more. When you are self employed, your earning potential is only limited by your own brains and motivation to build a successful business. The more effort and smart planning you put into your business, the more you will directly benefit from your own work. 2. Opportunities Many entrepreneurs say they launched their business in order to create opportunities for themselves that they could not find in traditional jobs within their local labour market. A parent with a young family may want flexibility that is not available in traditional jobs; a new immigrant may want responsibility and opportunities for professional growth that they may not have found in their new country. When you build your own business, you can build opportunities and working conditions that are a good fit for your needs in ways that you may not find in traditional employment. 3. Accomplishment Building a successful business can provide you with a sense of pride that you have created something yourself based on something you value. You get to make the decisions; if you think a project is a great idea, you get to make it happen. You get to build something from the ground up that is your own and a reflection of your values, and any business success is always your success. 4. Time While you will invest a lot of time in building your business, depending upon the type of business you launch, being an entrepreneur can provide you with a lot of flexibility and freedom with your schedule that you would not often have with a traditional job. A flexible schedule allows you to create personal and family time and opportunities that you may otherwise miss out on. To overcome these problems, a new company must develop a unique selling point and find a way to inform consumers about that advantage. Everything from the brand name to the logo to company advertisement must capture the interest and attention of the consumer. It is important to remember that customers are interested in benefits as opposed to product or service features, or as one writer put it, what is in it for me? The new company must be able to clearly answer this question in order to survive and grow. How is an entrepreneur to deal with all this overload of challenges? The good news is that there are plentiful resources: discussion groups, educational resources, professional associations, and publications to turn to for support and counsel References: http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/icsb/2005/056.pdf http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Challenges-Facing-Entrepreneurs-and Small-Business-Ownersid=2271198 http://www.careerchoiceguide.com/being-an-entrepreneur.html http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/choosing/issues/challenges.html

Protecting Yourself Online :: essays research papers

Protecting Yourself Online In this paper we will discuss some basic steps to better secure your system. We will discuss the following four (4) areas: v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Email v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chat Programs v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Virus Protection 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Email:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not open any email attachment that you receive from anyone without checking first - not even from your closest friends.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If someone has to send you a doc file ask them to convert it into *.rtf or *.txt format and then send.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you must open any doc extension files, you can first use one of those doc file readers available free on the net.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alternatively, you could convert the extension of the file (doc) to text (txt) and then open it with your text editor and see what the file is all about.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you do decide to open it as a doc file in MS Word ensure that the macro security setting is set to HIGH  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In your email client turn off the 'receiving HTML mails' option. 2. Internet v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Set Explorer to show file extensions. For this go to Windows Explorer/ My Computers > Tools > Folder Options > View (tab) > and uncheck the ‘Hide File Extension For Known File Type’ box. This will help you to avoid clicking on hoaxes. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not give out your information on the net. While surfing the web you will see that there are sites that will ask for your personal information. Do not give information about yourself and hide out information about yourself as long as you can. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disable JAVA and Active X. To do this under MS IE, move your default-browsing zone to High security in Tools-Internet Options. This switches off 90% of MSIE exploits. You don't have to enter the sites that don't let you enter without Java and Active X enabled. Know how to read cookies and take a close look at them. Use software like cookie crusher and every time you log online crush all your previously received cookies. If you use IE then make sure that you run Windows Update at least once a week. v  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use personal firewall software. Zone Alarm (ZA) is a good one but others are available and new ones are coming up everyday. Use at least one Intrusion Detection System; Visual Zone is a good one that is compatible with ZA. 3. Chat Programs Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beware when using chat programs like IRC, ICQ, Yahoo, etc. When using these programs, your IP address is exposed leaving room for the other person to scan your computer looking for ways to break in.

Private life of a Baseball player :: Athletics Sports Essays

Private life of a Baseball player American Baseball is so popular that lots of good player from other country have dream to become a member of Major league. So do the players from my country. Some players started playing in big teams such as LA Dodgers, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and Texas Rangers. Other players started from minor league. MLB is not anymore game for only American people. Fans from all over around the world want to watch ball game through broadcasting. In America, there are a few baseball players who came from South Korea, and they are doing well in MLB teams. Since baseball became so popular sports and international business, players got paid lots of money, and the reporters wants to disclose their private life of famous players in order to sell more and more issues of newspapers. Sometimes, they are trying to dig out something embarrassed stuff about certain player by tailing after them. Such a behavior of reporters can be the cause of an accident between baseball players and reporters such a s arguing, or fighting. What I am going to write down and argue about is an accident which was happened between reporter of sports news paper and a baseball player. To summarize what and how that accident happened, one of those players, who called Byunghyun, Kim, had been distressed because he could not do well as one of pitcher. After the season was finished, he came back to South Korea as his hometown. What he needed was just a rest, refreshing his mind and concentrating on his training. Except few people, he tried not to let anybody notice that he came back to his country. Because he knew that he would get bothered by lots of reporters with bunch of questions about what he did during season and what he is going to do for next season. While he was staying, he tried to get some rests and train by working out with his friend in health clinic center. Unfortunately, there was the reporter who knew the fact which Mr. Kim came back and rest a while by training. The reporter started to follow him without any permission and tried to catch something interesting story for newspaper article so that he could became the famous reporter. On the way go back from health center to home, that paparazzo took couple of pictures from the behind of Mr.

1984 vs Brave New World Essays -- essays research papers

1984 vs. Brave New World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1984 and Brave New World, written by George Orwell and Aldous Huxley, respectively, are both books that reflect the authors vision of how society would end up at the course it was going at the time of the writing of the book. Both books were written more than fifty years ago, but far enough apart that society was going in a totally different direction at the time. There are many ways to compare these two books and point out the similarities. On certain, deep levels they are very much the same, while at first glance, on the surface, they are very different. One point that in some parts is the same and some very different, is the governments in each of these books method’s of control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing to think about is how the governments control the newborns, infants, and children. In 1984, children are taught as early as possible all the thoughts and teachings the government wants them to. With these teachings being carved into their brains also comes intense loyalty, each child of the Party is ready and willing to turn their parents in to the authorities at the first sign of heretical thoughts. They are taught this as early as possible to keep them from having time of form independent thoughts of their own. The newborns of Brave New World in some cases are not even alive long enough to have thoughts of their own. People are no longer born, they are grown and hatched to fill a need of the so...

Great Expectations Thesis Essay

Charles Dickens used Miss Havisham as a symbol of hypothetical imprisonment. Miss Havisham; although not being physically imprisoned as Abel Magwitch, was a strong representation of a mental imprisonment. She was never told to stay locked up in her house rotting away and tormenting herself for years without any human interaction besides that of her step-daughter Estella and eventually Pip. She not only physically imprisons herself but mentally she imprisons her mind into the state of being that all men must suffer, not only trapping herself into an unstable mind set but trapping her daughter as well. First and foremost the obvious physical imprisonment, she stays in her house locked in with her wedding memories: being the â€Å"guilt of the crime†. Miss Havisham sits alone in her house staring at these wedding items that any sane women would have ripped up and destroyed in moments. She’s just simmering in her despair. Miss Havisham’s heartache is what keeps her in her mansion: the â€Å"guards of the prison†. She lays alone because of the pain she’s feeling. She’s unable to escape from the pain and hypothetically â€Å"the guards.† Finally Estella: â€Å"The sentencing of the crime.† Miss Havisham raised Estella to hate men and crush their hearts, in the end Estella crushed Pip’s heart and Miss Havisham couldn’t believe what a monster she had created. Miss Havisham had to deal with the fact that now she was the monstrous heartless man that once broke her heart. Additionally, all of Miss Havisham’s clocks have been stopped at precisely 9:20, she has imprisoned herself in the past in a hypothetical manner. Being that 9:20 was when her fiancà © left her at the altar. She’s painfully reminding herself of the moment of her heartbreak. Being stuck in this moment has trapped her emotionally so she can only feel that terrible depression from her heartbreak. In a way she’s frozen in the past and unwilling to leave: imprisonment. The Satis House: Miss Havisham’s â€Å"prison† in a way reflects her feelings. â€Å"Miss Havisham’s house, which was of old brick and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. Some of the windows had been walled up; of those that remained, all the lower were rustily barred† (55). When first presented this description one’s mind should think of a prison. This description of the house shows being neglected and not cared for, in a way this shows how Miss Havisham must have felt when Compeyson left her at the aisle. Miss Havisham’s feelings then reflect upon the house as a prison. In summation, Miss Havisham is a strong symbol of imprisonment in â€Å"Great Expectations† because of the many different physical and emotional imprisonments she’s gone through in her life. Miss Havisham’s whole life was a very depressing gloomy mess and she spent much of her life trapped with nowhere to turn. Her dress being burned and set in flames gave her freedom and eventual peace. This being the obvious freedom after imprisonment.

Pride and Prejudice essay †a comparison of Elizabeth and Lydia Essay

Elizabeth bennet is the s eldest of Mr. and Mrs. Bennets five daughters. Lydia is the youngest. The only matter these two siblings seem to fix in common is their family. The girls contrast starkly.Lydia Bennet has a rather childish and fun benignant disposition. She comes across as a itty-bitty lacking in intelligence and her induce father even goes as furthest as to c all her one of the silliest girls in the country. As well as verbal pression that she is silly and ignorant identical other girls.Elizabeth on the other flip over is mature, kind, compassionate and rather to a greater extent in her fathers favor than her younger sis. He seems oddly ten-spotder of his little Lizzy and tells his wife that she has something more of quickness than her sisters.Through by the novel the girls opposing personalities ar demo. Lydias sexy and frivolous ship carriage atomic number 18 genuinely app bent at the beginning of the novel through her assoil towards the soldier s. Elizabeths wisdom shines through at the first ball in the novel, when she overhears Mr Darcy describing her to Mr Bingley as tolerable moreover non well-favored replete to tempt me. Elizabeth how ever takes this on the chin, and instead ridicules him by recounting the bill to her friends and laughing at his rudeness and arrogance. Her conduct is admirable, a lesser girl would absorb been devastated to hear herself described in much(prenominal)(prenominal) an unflattering and uncomplimentary way, and in this antecedent we truly see her good manners and soul of maturity.Both Elizabeth and Lydia are positive(p) and outspoken girls although in rather antithetic ways. Lydia tends to say exactly what she calculates without much contemplation, whereas Elizabeths words are always advertent and quick witted. Her observance and good sense make her mostly a systematically accurate judge of vulcanized fiber. For theoretical account she recognises the remote behavior of s ome members of her family, like her set about and Lydia, and feels embarrassed. Also she realises Mr Collins unsuitability for her and refuses his proposal, disdain it offering her notable financial stability. She likewise takes a dislike to dame Catherine De Bourgh, no matter of her influential position, and braves up for herself and her family. However, in the encase of Mr Wickham and Mr Darcy, her perception was originally misguided, barely posterior she recognises her mistakes.Lydia on the other hand does not defy such a sanitary sense of judgement. She believes that Wickham genuinely cognises her and will link up her, when his intentions were only to elope with her. She was so naif that she ran away with him and her only saving approving was Mr Darcy forcing Mr Wickham to enter into marriage with her.Lydia rushes headfirst into her passage of arms with Wickham and claims to love him, although in reality she scarce knows him.Elizabeth is tout ensemble differe nt to her sister and by no convey hurries into her romance with Mr Darcy. She demonstrates at several stages in the novel that she does not want a pretentious and change relationship or marriage for practicality, but wants to find a true love match. Her cousin Mr Collins is very admiring towards Elizabeth and asks for her hand in marriage. The acceptance of this proposal would let offered Elizabeth a sound life as Mr Collins had a good abide and very sufficient income. But having no physical or mental attractor to the man, Elizabeth tells how, in regard to his proposals it is impossible for me to do otherwise than decline them. Mr Darcy besides asks for Elizabeths acceptance of his hand. At the stage when he makes his first proposal to Elizabeth she believes him to have wronged Mr Wickham and feels a deeply rooted dislike for him and so declines his proposal. In this instance she follows her heart, despite Mr Darcy earning ten thousand a year and having a very respectable pla cement and estate. incomplete Lydia nor Elizabeth really conform to the expectations of the society that they defy in. They are both different to the figure out of average women of the setting, but in their profess ways. Lydia is less discreet than her elder sister and sure enough makes a name for herself with her flirtatious and attention seeking tendencies. She is only fifteen long season of age and galore(postnominal) heap scorn her for socialising with men, attending balls and such like. Lady Catherine De Bourgh is a prime example of this and tells Elizabeth that it is very odd Lydia being out at only fifteen years of age.Another uttermost more shocking way in which Lydia does not conform to the values of her society is her elopement with Wickham. She runs away with him to capital of the United Kingdom without a single care for her family or the disgrace it might bring to their name. She believes all that he tells her unquestionably and is certainly very niaive. She is ignorant with regard to her familys feelings and her actions dirtise her father and cause her mother to be taken ill immediately. It places their infrastructure in such confusion and forces Mr Darcy to fee out a substantial match of money to the penniless Wickham. Lydias behaviour was not the norm and Elizabeth tells how her conduct has been such as neither you, nor I, nor anybody can ever forget which implies that the elopement has tarnished the Bennett name lastingly.At the time the novel was written, women were expected to become terminated in things such as art, medication and reading. Elizabeth is suitably talented at contend the piano and has a good theory of fingering and Darcy tells how no one admitted to the right of hearing her can look at of anything wanting. She is similarly a great endorser and so all in all is preferably an accomplished girl. Lydia though does not, as far as I can tell, furnish much talent or affair in the areas of music and arts. She seems rather command with the soldiers in neighbouring Meryton, clothes, balls and gossip.Although Elizabeth is generally well like and highly thought of, she does not completely hot up to expectations in her society. As I have discussed previously she doesnt, like most girls of the time, consider money an distinguished enough reason to marry and thus refuses two marriage proposals. In this period, women were considered second class citizens in society, as comparison had not yet been established between the sexes. This makes Elizabeth an even more remarkable caseful as she is by no means intimidated by Mr Darcy and is intelligent and aware enough to tease and mock him, sceptical his actions and picking him up on his preceding(a) wrongs.Her disposition is so confident that she has enough conviction to stand up for herself and express her views cleverly regardless of the company she is keeping. This is demonstrated when she stands her ground when confronted by Lady Catherine De Bourgh, grave her in no uncertain footing that her prospective marriage to Mr Darcy is none of her business. In the period that the novel was written, this would not have been considered acceptable conduct as Lady Catherine is of much higher social status than Elizabeth. Lady De Bourgh explains how she has not been accustomed to voice communication as this and goes on to ask Elizabeth do you know who I am?Elizabeth also causes a minor stir when she walks lead miles from Longbourne to Netherfield. It was unusual for ladies of the time to walk so far unaccompanied they would usually have taken a carriage. This is a way in which Elizabeth takes a subtle stand and resolves to do as she pleases regardless of what mickle may conjecture. Miss Bingley tells how Elizabeth seems to show an direful sort of conceited independence.The main disposition of the novel is Elizabeth Bennet and much of the tier is portrayed through her eyes, leading the reader to favour her. She is the he roine of the novel and the main memorial is her story in particular. I entail that Jane Austin meant for her to be a particularly likeable character, as she shows admirable and honour conduct throughout. She is the sort of woman that many a(prenominal) people would aspire to she has intelligence, beauty, talent and is a kind and compassionate sort of person. She does not allow herself to simply be rigid to, but has the strength of personality to do and say as she sees fit, and for these reasons I think that she earns almost all readers approval.I do not think that Jane Austin think us to approve of Lydia. Her behaviour certainly was not approved of by the characters in the book as she acted without any consideration for others. She was self centred, reckless and stupid. However, I do not think that Lydia is a pestilential character that we are meant to strongly dislike, but on the contrary, we are meant to be entertained by her antics. She adds a touch of scandal to the stor y making it all the more interesting and in the end it is her mawkishness in not thinking in front she speaks that lead to Elizabeth and Mr Darcy finally uniting.The two sisters are very different indeed and are both portrayed to opposite extremes. Elizabeths responsibility and great qualities are blown-up by Lydias outrageous behaviour at the other end of the scale. I think that without Lydias character Elizabeth would not seem quite so exemplary, and without Elizabeth to live up to, Lydia would not seem such an immature and thoughtless character.I personally prefer Elizabeth and I think this is a feeling that most readers would share. I think she is an ideal role model who overcomes many obstacles to find truly deserved satisfaction in the story. Although I dont particularly dislike Lydia, I think that she is a silly and annoying character who lacks all the inspiring qualities possessed by her older sister, Elizabeth Bennet.