Intro

Liliana Lopez Caracoza Professor Garchow English 085 November, 13, 2012 Bill Maxwell, Start Snitching, St. Pettersburg Times, September 2007 In the article written by Bill Maxwell, he talks about the black to black violence in poor neighborhoods. He explains on more depth how many deaths have been placed in the last years. People do not contribute to the arrest of the murders, sometimes they are afraid to speak against gang members or other criminal members.Mr. Maxwell gave some facts about the deaths of blacks and he keeps adding people to his Wall of Black Death. A group in Tampa already organized a group called â€Å"don’t snitch†, all the people involved in the program relate to the death of a black relative that died. He gave great example and anecdotes about the crimes from black to black citizens and how the community needed to respond to the continued growing violence towards blacks.Robert Phansalkar, Stop Snitching’ Won’t Stop Crime, University of Wisconsin, 2007 The Article written by Robert Phansalkar, about the diverse communities that do not receive security help from the government. The article explain in detail most of the problems why they do not receive the help necessary, but it actually be helpful if he added statistics on his work.The movement by different rappers and media personalities did not help the growing violence in the most dangerous parts of the poor communities, which are the most dangerous. Gang violence is a part well explain in the article Stop Snitching’ Won’t Stop Crime. Police did not receive any information on the people the attackers and their victims, an example was the rapper Cameron Giles, which was part of the program and did not participate in investigations on his accident. In summary the program did not work.

Report on Feasibility Study to Start a Restaurant Essay

Hotel industry is one of the essential industries. This industry serves the different customer in different aspects like taste, preference, price, quality etc. In Chennai, many varieties and range of hotels are available. As Chennai is the manufacturing hub of India, different class of people make business meetings and dealings in different hotels which provides these facilities. Wide range of people travel to Chennai to earn their living and the thriving population has mostly increased in the past few years. Apart from hotels, restaurants are the highly targeted places in Chennai. In this fast moving world, people do not have time to cook their own food and take it to their work place and even get ready with their breakfast. So, restaurants with different traditions of the south as well as north are started in and around Chennai. Considering this aspect, an idea to do research on the feasibility of starting a restaurant in Tambaram was taken up. Near Tambaram many manufacturing industries have rose up and the places in and around Tambaram have become residential areas but the number of restaurants is limited. So there is a niche market to be captured by opening a restaurant in that area. Thus the aim of this study is to know the customer preferences about the varieties of food and other aspects which will bring up the restaurant as a successful one. Chapter – The focus group is a qualitative research method designed to ascertain the opinions, attitudes, and behavior of target audiences. Typically, 8-10 persons meet to discuss topics selected and presented by a moderator, who afterwards prepares an analysis. For the feasibility study of starting a restaurant in Chennai, two focus group interviews were conducted with 10 participants who were native of Chennai and participants who were related to the hotel industry. In a controlled environment for duration of 90 minutes, the focus group interview was conducted in the presence of a moderator. Different ideas related to the customer involvement and expectations in the different food recipes and the external and internal environment of the hotel were discussed.

Baking as a Favourite Activity During the Holidays Essay

Baking as a Favourite Activity During the Holidays - Essay Example My brother became particularly interested in baking and, thus, he went on to join a culinary institute. I realized I am better with accounting and finances, therefore, I sought to gain the knowledge in business management and marketing as I horn my other skills from dedicated lecturers at a renowned culinary institution. Moreover, while in high school, my brother and I decided to have a bake sale to raise funds for a classmate that had lost her father to cancer and needed money to settle the medical bills and pay for funeral arrangements. To my surprise, the bake sale became such a huge success and people kept telling us how much they enjoyed them. This sparked my desire to own a bakery and my brother to come up with new innovative recipes. However, currently, I believe my raw skills and limited knowledge in business management skills are the only challenge to running this business. This is why I am fervent about joining an institution which is well known to ensure that my skills are better developed to ensure success in my chosen trade. I strongly feel that it would equip me with the necessary business management skills to set up a bakery with my brother and run it efficiently. In addition, I would like to interact with the different academicians at such an institution and seek their mentorship and guidance as I set out on my endeavor. Last year, my aunt was diagnosed with diabetes that made her less active and cheerful especially since she is well-advanced in age. This has further ignited my ambition as now my brother and I endeavor to create healthy recipes that would be enjoyed by all. This, coupled with the fact that we would like to use social media and new technologies to boost our business, has also contributed to my desire to join a university which will help us develop the necessary skills. This is because many universities, to my knowledge, always continuously aim to remain up to date in equipping their students with recent technologies and business trends that have helped to provide them with relevant skills while making them versatile. I look forward to participating in the extra-curricular activities offered at the university that I join, as I know they will enable me to further build my confidence and overall character. Therefore, I hope that at least one of the applications that I have made to various universities will come through as I am certain the learning environment will provide the ideal foundation as I set out to actualize my business idea. One of the greatest benefits that I have personally come to reap from being able to help the my aunt in baking is the confidence in my ability to do all the tasks that are assigned to me, most especially those concerned with the principles behind this practice. This new confidence in myself has enabled me to think of a greater role for myself in future than I had previously considered when I was still a child. Moreover, through the teamwork that developed between my brother and I, I have managed to see first hand how the skills displayed by bakers are necessary for dealing with prospective issues concerning health promotion. It has, indeed, been a privilege to work and share activities and experience with my aunt and brother, because they are individuals who were not only friendly, but have also supported me whenever I have experienced any problems. Moreover, all members of my family have

Communing with God (Meditation and contemplation ) Essay

Communing with God (Meditation and contemplation ) - Essay Example Meditation is more of a response to something like after reading a passage in the Bible. Meditation is to study God’s Word and to think of ways in which it can be applied in one’s day-to-day life. Literally, meditation is defined as: "the act of meditating; continued or extended thought; reflection; contemplation; transcendental meditation; devout religious contemplation or spiritual introspection."1 Contemplation, on the other hand, is defined as: "the act of contemplating; thoughtful observation; full or deep consideration; reflection: religious contemplation; purpose or intention; prospect or expectation."2 Meditation is more of a response to something like after reading a passage in the Bible. Meditation is to study God's Word and to think of ways in which it can be applied in one's day-to-day life. Contemplation is more of reflecting without necessarily using any reading material. It is an act of deep, thoughtful thinking that leads to a renewed mind and heart.3 Th ese two terms often come together and are usually associated with prayer.The Christian faith has prayer as one of its major pillars. One has to communicate with God and vice versa. Humans talk to God in prayer and God talks to humans through the Bible. It is in this manner where meditation and contemplation enter in. Through this exercise, man learns discipline, calmness and a sense of security. Through constant mediation and contemplation, one becomes more "spiritual" and "holy."The Buddhists also practice meditation. This is done to discipline the mind and the body. Yoga is "a school of Hindu philosophy advocating and prescribing a course of physical and mental disciplines for attaining liberation from the material world and union of the self with the Supreme Being or ultimate principle."4 Both the Christians and the Buddhists believe that by subjugating the body through meditation and contemplation, one is able to reach a higher level of spirituality. Why is there a need to subjugate the body and make it submit to one's mind Father Rolheiser's book5 leads the reader to the reason why humans need to commune with God. It also serves as a guide to those who are aspiring to be spiritual. According to Rolheiser, every healthy Christian should possess the four essentials of living such as: "private prayer and private morality; social justice; mellowness of heart and spirit; and community as a constitutive element of true worship."6 We are always "restless, dissatisfied, frustrated, and aching. We are so overcharged with desire that it is hard to come to simple rest. Desire is always stronger than satisfaction."7 About two years ago, I was so depressed and downcast because my mother was lying in the hospital bed for almost a month without any sign of recovery. The doctors kept telling us that if she would cooperate, she could get better. Sleepless nights had really affected me and I became irritable, impatient and irrational. In order to avoid further damage to my relationship with my siblings, I decided to "go away" for a while. I drove some 100 miles from the hospital, stayed in my mother's house and just literally "kill time." When news came that my mother was already in comma and would pass away any moment, I had the urge of going back to her side immediately. However, deep within me is a prompting that even if I get near her that very moment, I could not reverse anything. So I attended a church prayer meeting, listened carefully to the preacher and silently meditated on God's Word. As I sat still in silence, I felt a certain calmness that I have not experienced for a long time. There was this sense of peace

Analysis of leadership in a healthcare organization Term Paper

Analysis of leadership in a healthcare organization - Term Paper Example Should the organization focus on reducing medical errors or developing leaders first? Should they focus on financial sustainability or create a process of leadership development? In many instances, health organizations address issues which are most pressing before they deal with issues with long term impacts, such as in the case of leadership. Moreover, leaders are faced with complicated internal dynamics between administrations and clinicians, physicians and nurses, pharmacists and physicians (McAlearney, 2006), etc. which in turn, makes it difficult to implement new policies. In a research conducted by Ann McAlearney (2006), it was discovered that many health practitioners realize that the industry is lagging in the case of leadership development. ... There is a need for leaders who can represent the medical community and the patient population – leaders who can â€Å"respond to multiple stakeholders and meet performance goals across multiple dimensions of effectiveness† (McAlearney, 2006, p. 967). The question now is: what kind of leader can motivate people to work together towards a common goal? Literatures on management and leadership refer to transformational leadership based on idealized influence (charisma) may be an appropriate style. What is charismatic leadership? Bud Haney (2012) calls charismatic leaders, the beacons of positivity, â€Å"charismatic leaders impact others with the power of optimism†¦To get team members to go the extra mile and engage with their work† (p.18). Meredith Babcock-Roberson (2010) shares the same view, but adds: â€Å"a [charismatic leader] provides clarity when the situation is unclear, resolves shortcomings and motivates change by articulating a strategic visionâ₠¬ ¦[they] communicate high performance expectations, exhibit con?dence, take risks that oppose the status quo, and emphasize a collective identity†¦[they set] personal examples and [make] personal sacri?ces† (p. 314). A charismatic leader’s is able to bring people to work together by providing his subordinates a clear view of the group’s vision and the role of each individual in the achievement of such vision. Because the emphasis of charismatic leadership â€Å"is on people of vision who are creative, innovative, and capable of getting others to share their dreams while  playing down self-interest; and who are able to cooperate with others in reshaping the strategies and tactics of the

Science and policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science and policy - Essay Example Selecting an appropriate ambassador may also bring forward some form of challenge as this selected individual is the one to carry the face of the firm that carries out the activities of a knowledge broker. The selection should be flawless as any form of undue process in selection may pose a challenge to the firms. Some other challenges that can come in the way of the knowledge brokers include such challenges as managing interactions with stakeholders within acceptable limits. Some stakeholders may be difficult in a way to handle and hence this may be a major challenge that other brokers may crumble as they tend to check a way forward in dealing with such cases (â€Å"Knowledge Exchange†). The knowledge brokers may be working on a flat plan without settling down to lay the objectives. This may also pose a threat in achievement of desired results if they are not fully planned for and hence this too may end up countering the development agenda that these knowledge brokers have in mind (Hargadon 48). The knowledge brokers and their firms should also have a plan on a systematic way of availing results and outcomes through acceptable networks that are practitioner oriented. Doing anything else to this effect may have to backfire and end up being a challenge that will bring the firms down. The firms should also lay the strategies that will work towards distilling results and their strategies for maintaining long lasting legacies. However most of these firms lack the expertise to carry out such distilling processes and that means that a challenge will be witnessed as soon as the legacy flops (Brown 486). So some of the solutions that can be facilitated to curb such challenges can involve such remedies as: as for the challenge of trying to keep up with the stakeholders by trying to encourage them to invest ideally in the broker’s firm through time, resources and effort. The solution to this challenge is to try as much as possible to involve the stakeholder s and to give them the need to place their trust for you. If the relationship at the beginning is a good one, then the engagement should be fair throughout the period of the project. This approach needs much attention and hence the firm should conduct a good sense to determine the road taken by the research. After establishing that, then many more stakeholders will show interest and hence feel free to work with you. – SUE Researchers (Tsui L et al) For the challenge that comes from finding it hard to engage the stakeholders in the definition of various important aspects of the research. It should not still be debatable whether to involve the stakeholders, as the firms should go ahead and incorporate them in decision making on the kinds of design the research should have. The stakeholders should be allowed to assist in determining whether an approach is feasible or not. Serious members of the stakeholders’ board should be able to tell what befits the firm and what doesn ’t. With this approach, the problem of having to determine the level of indulgence of the stakeholders would be fully answered (Hargadon 50). One other challenge that is faced by the knowledge brokers may be that of that their research findings reach the desired audience and that the said findings are found to be

HR's Role in an Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HR's Role in an Organization - Essay Example Maund (2001) outlined that organizations have initiated a change by putting attention on serving their employees attain long-term employability throughout extensive career development instead of workers employment safety. However, this could be achieved by making use of standard performance and developmental arrangement among workers and directors. Additionally, in scenario of Dell business we need to establish some learning objectives that are associated with the business objectives in order to make sure business development. In this scenario at Dell Corporation managers should be accountable for making sure that the performance development procedure takes place among their personnel. Since, learning is as well more and more being utilized as an instrument to make sure the efficient change management (Maund, 2001). This paper has presented a detailed analysis of the human resource management functions with respect to Dell Corporation. This paper has outlined some of the main aspects regarding the Dell business HRM enhancement and offered some recommendations to improve the Dell business HRM and influence on the business strategic developments and process. I hope this research will offer a deep insight into the Dell’s HRM functions. DELL-1. (2004, June). Principles of Globalization and Global Citizenship. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from Capaccio Environmental Engineering, Inc. : http://ems-hsms.com/Docs/Dell-%20Encouraging%20Suppliers.pdf McKinnon, P. (2004, May 03). HRM-Measurement of Culture & Climate. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from HR.COM Limited. : http://www.hr.com/SITEFORUM?&t=/Default/gateway&i=1116423256281&b=1116423256281&application=story&active=no&ParentID=1119278069586&StoryID=1119653855187&xref=http%3A//www.google.com.pk/search%3Fhl%3Den%26ei%3DzdzwSv30M4mWkAWKh9iYBw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dspell%2 Wright, P. M., McMahan,

Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Film - Movie Review Example , Lee decides to take the law in his own hands in the film and his character is portrayed as one distrusting unfortunate black man who could not trust the white jury in the court. Lee is later arrested for the double murder but despite many efforts made by the local black leaders to convince Lee to take their help instead of relying on a white lawyer, he remains unmoved and sticks to his chosen lawyer in the hope that this would save him from the clutches of racial discrimination. With the help of making sensitive social issues like racial discrimination and capital punishment important features of the storyline and starring a very dedicated cast, the director of this movie successfully manages in making one of the most compelling motion pictures of all times and getting the right level of enthusiasm and attention from the viewers. Instead of wasting the time of the viewers with running some eye-popping action and bloodbath scenes on the screen, this movie basically aims at conveying some meaningful messages while taking care to stay away from focusing on an over and over again repeated sort of a plot. The interesting point is that the messages are not conveyed to the public like pastries served in plates, rather it is up to the public to smartly dig underneath the propaganda portrayed in the movie by intelligently relating with the well though out plot. In â€Å"The Time To Kill† the American Legal system is not portrayed positively in most instances. First, Lee himself is shown as distrusting the white judges in the court, thereby he ends up hiring a white lawyer for himself and rejects the help offered by the black community. Secondly, there is one scene in the movie in which Brigance, the white lawyer hired by Lee, explains to the judges the trauma done to Lee’s daughter by the rapists. During explaining the sadistic acts, Brigance asks the jury, â€Å"Now imagine she’s white.† (Ebert). This is a highly distrusting sort of a statement which clearly shows

Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Story - Essay Example In many occasions, the issue of plagiarism is not raised in the legal field, normally because repeatedly there is no room for inventiveness when drafting legal documents. This specific case began with a sad case that involved a family and their child. The family filed a case against British Columbia Women Hospital and Health Care Center and they won an enormous judgment. However, when the health care center went through the ruling of Judge Joel Groves, they found out that he had picked a large portion of his judgment from the complainant’s filings. The hospital went forward to file an appeal, stating that the plagiarism found in his ruling was a sign that the judge did not handle the case correctly and that he was prejudiced against the hospital. The case went to the Canadian Supreme Court and a ruling was made in 2013 (News, 2013). News, C. (2013, May 24). CBC News-British Columbia. Top court reinstates $4M award in plagiarizing-judge suit, 1. Retrieved from

Technological Environment Essay Example for Free

Technological Environment Essay When a relatively primitive technology is used in the production process, the technology is usually referred to as labor-intensive. A highly advanced technology, on the other hand, is generally termed capital-intensive. Business Perspective: The way that businesses function both in and out of the office has changed drastically. Thanks to advances in computer, information and communication technology. Companies now use a variety of mobile devices, software and various applications that employees can use for marketing and networking, as well as research and development, for their goods and services. Internet- the Internet, perhaps more than any other factor, has changed the way that companies do business. Most companies have websites, which allow them to reach a larger audience and attract customers and employees from all over the world. In addition, businesses are now utilizing social-networking websites such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter, enabling them to communicate directly with customers with news and updates. These websites are interactive, which means that companies can also receive immediate feedback on new products from customers, speeding the process of research and development. Email, video conferencing and online chat rooms have also made it easier for businesses to become more globalized, communicating quickly and easily with clients and co-workers regardless of their location. * Mobile Devices- The Internet resources listed above are not just available on an office computer. Many companies provide their employees with other mobile devices such as laptops, tablet computers, PDAs and smart phones. These devices are portable and enable workers to stay constantly connected and updated with their work. They also make it more possible for employees to have a mobile office, working from any location and allowing them to travel or live in an area other than where the business is actually located. Most mobile devices also have an enormous number of applications available such as productivity tools, locators that utilize GPS functions and other organizational applications that help employees download, type, share and even print documents remotely from their device. * Software- Depending on the type of business, the software used by companies will vary. However, many companies can benefit from several types of software and applications.

Slogans Used By Indian Brands

Slogans Used By Indian Brands on their role in advertising effectiveness, Slogans with power-packed words conveying what the brand stands for are handy tools, for all companies big and small. One is yet to see a brand which expresses itself without words. Integral to brand building unequivocally are slogans. Slogans and non verbal messages reinforce each other in communication effort. A unique and winning slogan should be a product of aggressive brain churning done by more than one individual over a considerable length of time rather than just a few hours. Slogans framing calls for pooling of talents, clarifying of vision, visualizing of the graph line of products growth and evolving of a communication strategy. The exercise involves efforts of many creative people cutting across all echelons of organizational hierarchy, but primarily with a lead role assumed by top brass. Efforts and seriousness shown in slogan making foretells the future success of the brand, since it covers a wide range of decisions including strategic as well as tactical ones, if at all right decisions are anything to do with brands success. This paper explores whether the use of slogans for Indian brands can play vital role in advertising effectiveness, and tells what message to be conveyed by the use of slogans and by what features the slogans should be made to make them effective . Key words: Advertising Slogans Nomenclature Criteria Effectiveness Slogans used by Indian brands: A brief analytical study on their role in advertising effectiveness CONTENTS: ADVERTISING MESSAGE NOMENCLATURE OF SLOGANS CRITERIA FOR A WINNING SLOGAN DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES ADVERTISING The word advertising is derived from the Latin word, advertero which can be broken into ad and verto means towards and I turn respectively. Literally it means to a specific thing. The definitions committee of the American Marketing Association (AMA) defined (1960), advertising as any paid form of non-personal presentation of idea, goods or service by an identified sponsor. Advertising is purposeful communications designed with a view to specific objectives. Advertising attempts to persuade prospective buyers to buy a product/service. Stanton observes that advertising consists of all the activities involved the presenting to a group a non-personal, oral or visual, openly sponsored message regarding a product, service or idea. The message called an advertisement is disseminated through one or more media and is paid for by the identified sponsor. Hausen says that advertising includes those activities by which visual or oral messages are addressed to the people for the purpose of informing them and influencing them either to buy merchandise or service or to act or be inclined favorably towards idea, institutions or persona featured. In contrast with publicity and other forms of propaganda, advertising messages are identified with advertiser either by signature or by oral statement. In further contrast to publicity, advertising is a commercial transaction involving payment to publishers or broad casters and others whose media are employed. Shapiro defines advertising as a non-personal paid message of commercial significance about a product, service or company made to a market by an identified sponsor. Advertising according to Kotler is any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. Thus in developing an advertising program one must always start by identifying the market needs and buyer motives and must make five major decisions commonly referred as 5 ms (Mission, Money, Message, Media and Measurement) of advertising shown in below figure 1: Message Generation Evaluation Selection Execution Social Responsibility Mission Sales goals Advertising Objectives Money (Budget) Factors determining budget are Stages in PLC Mkt share consumer Base Competition Ad frequency Product substitution ability Media Reach, frequency impact Major media types Specific media vehicles Geographical medium allocations Social Responsibility Measurement Communications impact Sales impact Fig. 1 : The five Ms of Advertising MESSAGE Message is a product of creativity. Creativity is the ability to produce original ideas. Creativity influences advertising much before visualization and copy writing. Planning of the ad, takes a great deal of creativity. Message should consist of the following elements shown in the following figure 2. Message Non-verbal Elements Music Color Trade mark / Brand mark Picture Unusual sound etc. Verbal elements Headlines Sub heads Body text Slogans Right proportion of each results in Creative mix Fig 2. Elements of Message-Creative-mix The verbal elements and nonverbal elements in the right proportion (given the product, target market, and other things) results in the creative mix which create more attention value for the advertiser. A brief description the elements of message are presented as follows: Music Music has high attention value and is capable of arousing emotions. Mostly, life-style advertising adopts this format. It is popularly used for personal care products, soft drinks and so on. This format makes audience remember the brands and the company. Recall of ad by consumers even amidst busy life actively, is possible owing to music insertion. Color Colors are often used to attract the attention and also to introduce memory value. Color possesses three qualities or attributes namely (a) the symbolic hallmark of Quality (hue) (b) the degree of lightness or darkness of a color (value) (c) intensity or purity of hue or the strength of a color (chroma). Trademarks / Brand Marks / pictures These also checked with the intention of relating the ad to the company or product and hence more memorability is possible. Unusual sounds These play an important role in the creation of more attention value and memorability for example, Lijjat papad ad carries at the end of the ad unusual sounds being produced by the pet animals. Headlines sub heads Usually headline appears at the top of the body-copy but is not always. In some cases, headlines appear at the bottom or middle space of the ad. Generally, it is set in bolder and larger type and its short and drags the reader to the body text. When body text is lengthy, the message is divided into paragraphs and each is given a subhead to highlight the theme of the paragraph. Body Copy It forms the main part of the ad apart from visual elements, headlines and captions. The size of the body text differs from ad to ad and some ads may contain a shorter body text and for some other, it will be larger. For technical products, generally the body text is lengthier. Slogans A distinctive catchy phrase that serves as a motto for a campaign brand, or company. It is used across a variety of marketing communication messages and over an extended period of time. Slogans are a short phrase used in part to help establish an image, identity or position for a brand or an organization, but mostly used to increase memorability. (Gurnn, Allen, Semenik, Thomson south-western, Vikas publishing house, ND, 2003). In other words, slogan is a set of short, simple, clear catchy and colorful words used to attract and hold the attention of the customer. The slogans should be short, direct, sweet, easily pronounceable, easily remembered, time proof and yet pleasing to ears. It is a concise but an effective way of telling an idea. Slogans also facilitate the conduct of tests of marketing research. The purpose of which is also called a strap line, in an advertisement is to leave the key brand message in the mind of the target (Foster Timothy R V, Ad slogans unlimited). NOMENCLATURE OF SLOGANS Slogan nomenclature varies from place to place. In many parts of the world and also generically, they are called slogans. In the USA, they are tags and taglines. In the UK, they are end lines, endlines or strap lines. In Germany they are called claims where as in France signatures. In the Netherlands, slogans are called payoffs. By and large, slogans are treated as trademarks. CRITERIA FOR A PERFECT SLOGAN Charless L Whittier in his book Creating Advertising says slogan should be a statement of such merit about a product or service that it is worthy of continuous repetition in advertising, is worth while for the public to remember, and is phrased in such a way that the public is likely to remember it. Foster Timothy has proposed the principles of framed dos and donts a perfect slogan as follows: A Slogan should be memorable When a person is able to recall the line without any aid, the slogan is said to be memorable. The more the repetition of the slogan the more is its memorability. It also depends on the brand heritage and the big ideas conveyed successfully through advertisements. Further interest-provocative and contextual illustrations or story, alliteration, specially coined words, puns, antithesis and rhymes are good ways of making slogans memorable. Tongue- friendly phrases and happy brand experiences make the slogan memorable. Brand equity is a function of memorability. Memorability improves the shelf life of a slogan. A few cases of rhyme-filled and memorable slogans are hereunder: Examples Alliteration: Syndicate Bank: Reliable, responsible (CFA, Jan 2003) ICICI Bank: Safer, simpler, smarter (Eenadu, 13-2-2003) Rhymes: Andhra Bank: First in Service Best in banking (CFA Jan 2003) Canara Bank: Serving to grow Growing to serve (FE Feb 2003) Puns : ACC cement : Double action, longer life (DC, 14-02-03) Amway : Better ideas, better life (TOI 16-02-2003) A slogan should aid in the recall of the brand name By reading the slogan, one should be able to remember the brand name of the product/ company. Ideally the brand name should be included in the slogan. The best way for bringing the brand name into spotlight is to frame the slogan with a rhyme in it. For example: Brand name : Maruthi zen: just add zen to your life (BT 02-02-03) Yamaha Enticer two wheeler: Blue blooded yamaha (TOI 4-2-03) National school of banking: At NSB we teach success (TH 10-2-03) Rhyme: ESPN channel: Think better, win bigger (TH 8/2/03) Thomos cook (Tourism) : Best holidays, honest prices (TOI 3/2/03) Vellore institute of Technology: A place to learn, a chance of grow (TH 5/2/03) Amarraja Batteries: lasts long, really long (India Today Jan 20/03) A slogan should contain a key benefit Many advertisers include key benefit in the slogan to convey about the benefit to the consumer in a concise way. For example. Key benefit Product/company Slogan Source Safety for the investment Mutual fund (First India MF) Where safety comes first Brand Equity quiz book Jan 2003 Prosperity Can Bank MF Together for long term prosperity Fortune India Jan 31-03 Better training Amity B-Schools We nurture talent TOI 3/2/03 Quality of life GE country wide consumer financial services (personal loans) We bring good things to life. DC 10/02/03 Mileage TVS Suzuki victor More smiles per hour TOI 11/2/03 New things National Geographic TV channel Before we make programme, we make history National Geographic Channel A slogan should differentiate the brand A slogan should depict a characteristic about the brand that sets it apart from its competitors. For example. SOTC world Famous tours: the smartest way to see the world (TH 3/2/03) HSBC Bank : The worlds local Bank (Readers Digest Jan 03) Western Union : the fattest way to receive money world wide (TH 3/2/03) Kurlon mattresses : Pure sleep nothing else (Readers digest Jan 03) Voltas AC : Acs with IQ (TOI 14/2/03) The Indian express newspaper : Journalism of courage, (Network magazine Jan 03) Sansui TVS : Better than the best (DC 3/2/03) SERVO (lubricants) : World class engine oils (CFA Jan 03) JK Tyres : total control (BT 2/2/03) A slogan should invoke positive feelings about the brand A slogan should invoke positive feelings about the brand by conveying the benefit/comforts or the uses of the product/service in a compact form. For example. Yashoda hospital (Super specialty) We hope you will never need us, TH 8/2/03 Apollo Hospital Touching lives DC 5/2/03 Oyzterbay (Jewellery) Jewellery for the living TOI 10/2/03 Air Sahara Emotionally yours TH 11/02/03 Cathay pacific (Air liner) Now youre really flying Bran Equity Quiz book July 03 State Bank of India With you all the way, Readers digest Jan 03 HDFC (Home loans) With you right through, TOI 3/2/03 JK Papers Creating lasting impressions, BT 2/2/03 South Eastern Railways Striving for excellence , DC 16/02/03 Birla Ready mix concrete for construction concrete on call, TH 13/02/03 Global hospitals Medical Excellence through team work. TH 16-02-03 Salora (TVS) The perfect match, TH 16/2/03 LIC (Jeevan Suraksha) Self reliance for life, TOI 14/02/03 Zurich India Building a worry free world, TOI 6/2/03 A slogan that is reflect the brands personality Personality implies habitual patterns and qualities of behavior of any individual as expressed by physical and mental activities and attitudes, as well as distinctive individual qualities of a person consider collectively. For example: Idea Cellular Idea prepaid card: An idea can change your life DC 6/2/03 Network associates (network security ) :your network our business, Data quest Jan 31-03 LG Electronics : Expand your life DC 4/2/03 ICICI Prudential (Life Insurance) :We cover you, At every step in life TOI 4/2/03 New City Hospitals Secbad :Treating you with care Indian Express 4/2/03 SBI (Life Insurance): with us, youre sure TOI 5/2/03 HDFC Bank (Credit Cards) : we understand your world TH 14/2/03 Khazana furniture: your status, your taste your class, Our solution, TH 15/2/03 Franklin India Blue chip Fund (MF) : Performing consistently for you TH 17/2/03 Financial Express: What people in the chair gave on their table FE 1/2/03 Eureka Forbes (Aqua guard water purifier) : your friend for life, Brand Equity quiz book Jan 03 IFFCO -TOKIO General insurance: the life you deserve BT 2/2/03 Birla sun life insurance : Your dreams our commitment. BT Jan 20/Feb 2 2003 A Slogan should be strategic Some companies convey their business strategy may effectively through the use of slogans, such as BSNL (telecom) : Connecting India, TH, 8/2/03 Vignan Schools : Global standards, India values TOI 8/2/03 Hindalco (Aluminum) : World Class Quality TOI 9/2/03 Siemens (Telecom) : Global network of innovations DC 17/2/03 Patni computers : World wide partnerships World wide solutions ,TOI 5/2/03 Matrix labs : Chemistry together TH 5/2/03 Wipro (Soft) : Applying thought TH 5/2/03 Nokia (Cell phones) : connecting people ET 5/2/03 Malaysia Airlines: Going beyond expectations, BI Jan 20 Feb 2 03 Jagan Institute of mgmt: Developing the corporate leaders of tomorrow , Indian mgmt Jun 03 UTI (MF) : For you better tomorrow, CFA Jan 2003 A slogan should be campaignable When the slogan works across a series of advertising executions, the slogan said to have some shelf life. For different ads with different story boards, if the same tagline used, the tag line said to be campaignable. For example: Pepsi (Soft Drink) Yeh dil mange more Telcos Tata Indica More car per car Reliance infocomm Karlo duniya mutti mein Nokia cell phones Connecting people BSNL (telecom) Connecting India Wipro Soft Applying thought Boost (energy drink) Boost is the secret of our energy Raymond Garments clothes The complete man H BO (TV channel) Simply the best Voltas (ACs) Acs with IQ A slogan should not be usable by a competitor One should not be able to substitute a competitive brand name and use the slogan. Further a little modification in the line which does not lead to any change in the theme conveyed by the companies. For example Nokia (Cell phone): Connecting people ET 5/2/03 BSNL (Telecom): Connecting India ET 5/2/03 SBI (Home loans): with you all the way , Readers Digest,03 TATA AIG (Insurance): with you always, BI,Jan20-Feb 2,03 HDFC (Home loans): with you, right through, Readers Digest Jan 2003 LIC (Insurance): with you all the time , FI,31/1/03 Bank of Baroda: Banking on Relationships, BI Jan 20 Feb 2 03 The Ohanalakshmi bank Ltd : Relationships forever, Fortune India 31/1/03 AIMA: Excellent in mgmt, CFA Jan 2003 ICFAI: In search of excellence, India Mgt Jan 2003 Slogan should be original Originality is king. Originality stands out. Originality improves the chances of impressing the message on target group. But, originality is hard to come by except with creative process. For example: Business Today (Business magazine): For managing tomorrow BT any issue Maruthi (Wagon R): Inspired Engineering Readers Digest Jan 03 Telco (Tata Indica): More car per car TOI 3/2/03 Pepsi (soft drink): Yeh dil mange more TOI 5/2/03 Sansui (TVS): Better than the best DC 3/2/03 Philips (TVS): Lets make things better, TOI 3/2/03 Ing vysya: Adding life to insurance ,Brand Equity quiz book, Jan 2003 MRF (Tyres): Tyres with muscle Eenadu 1-2-03 Slogan should be simple Simple means it should be short and in simple word so that the target market understand and get impressed. Being simple excludes many things. conversely accommodating too many meanings in a simple phase requires high thoughtfulness. But the most common folly is missing out the best in the endeavor to express the best. Simple words can tell simple things but not big ideas. Being too simple is tantamount to mediocrity unless some rhythm, rhyme and magic are built in to it. Let us look at a few practices. DHL Worldwide Express (Cargo): The pulse of business, TOI 28/1/03 Amity B-School: We nurture talent, TOI 3/1/03 Fenna (India ) (Industrial product) : Fit and forget BW 17/2/03 Andhra Bank (Credit Cards):First in service best in banking, CFA Jan 03, Eureka Forbes (Aqua guard water purifier): your friend for life , Brand Equity quiz book Jan 03 LG Electronics (Electronics): Expand your life , DC 4/2/03 Thompson (TVS): Happy technology to you, TOI 3/2/03 Slogan should be neat A neat slogan helps portray the product progressively in the punters perception. For example: PC Quest (computer magazine): Enhance your computing, PC Quest any issue Nestle (Nesthum): Light Nutritious TH 30/1/03 Britania (biscuits): Eat healthy, think better TH 6/2/03 Slogan should be believable Poetic expressions and exaggeration is seen on the endlines, such as: HSBC Bank (Credit Cards): The worlds local bank , Readers Digest Jan 03 Aaj Tak (News Channel) : The nations best news channel BT 2/2/03 Seagrams (Music products) : Above it all BT 2/2/03 Mahindra Mahindra (Scorpio Zeep): Nothing else will do, BI Jan 20 Feb 2m 2003 Sansui (TVS): Better than the best, DC 3/2/03 Servo (Engine Oil): World Class engine oil, CFA Jan 2003 LIC (Komal Jeevan): Zindagi ke saath bhi, Zindagi ke baad bhi, Brand Equity Quiz Book, Jan 03 Firmly anchored on truth, honesty and simplicity, the phrases lend themselves to be believable. Overstatement as well as understatement will stifle believability. Take a look at a few cases. Slogan should help when customer ordering the product or service Slogans distinguish some from the other in the product line or choice set. They facilitate customers communication with the selling, obviating wrong shipments. The cases in point are: BMW : I want to have the ultimate driving machine , AXN Channel Weight watches: Give me taste, Not waist, HBO Channel (Meals) Fed Express: why fool around with anyone else, HBO Channel Slogan should not be in current use by others The more different users of a slogan, the less effective it is. Banker and insurance companies and also telecom companies use more or less same meaning giving or with same words in their slogans. The mission, strategy and message of two brands may be the same. But each of them should occupy a distinct slot in the consumers mind. This is what brand positioning is all about. The slogan in most cases expresses its position. If the positioning is proper, this slogan will not be in current use by any other brand. Take a look at a few cases. AIMA (B-School): Excellent in management Indian mgt Jan 03 ICFAI (B-School): In search of excellence, TH, SBI (Home loans): with you all the way Readers Digest Jan 03 HDFC (Home loans): with you right through TOI 3/2/03 LIC (Insurance): with you all the time Fortune India 31/1/03 TATA AIG (Insurance): with you always BI Jan 20-Feb 2 03 Bank of Baroda: Banking on relationships, CFA Jan 2003 The Dhana Lakshmi Bank ltd: Relationships for ever, CFA Jan 2003. Slogan should not be bland, generic or hackneyed Slogans that are bland, nedolent of mom and aprole-pie, clearly suffer a weakness. Almost any brand could use these lines and lines are dull and monotony. For example. UTI (MF): For you better tomorrow, CFA Jan 2003 Union Bank of India: Good people to bank with, Readers Digest Jan 2003 AIMA B-School: Excellence in mgmt, Indian Mgt Jan -03 GE Country wide Consumer Financial Services: We bring good things to life, DC 10-2-03 West Bengal IDC: Making things happen, Indian mgmt Jan -03 Slogan should not prompt a sarcastic or negative response Malaysia Airlines: Going beyond expectation , BI Jan 20/Feb 2 2003 (Expectations differ from passenger to passenger) Fiat Palio (4 wheeler): Technology to the max, DC 6/2/2003 (Can you define the max limit of the Technology) Ing Vysya life insurance : Adding life to insurance , Brand equity quiz book Jan 2003 (How can it be possible?) Slogan should not be pretentious This is called pomposity test. Promise less and deliver more mind set leads to high customers satisfaction. Promising what is not possible will only result in fast slide of the brand along graph line of satisfaction and loyalty to customers. A slogan should give the true spin of importance for example: IIPM -B School: What we teach today the other adopt tomorrow Community (Digital copier): We are in your corner, BI, Jan 20 /Feb 2003 Birla sun life insurance: Your dreams our commitment, BI Jan 2/Feb 2 2003 AFL private (Cargo): Where movement is a science, FI 31/1/03 Slogan should not be negative Negative Advertising is hard to justify and some times the negative slogan confuse the customer, such as Yashoda Hospitals: We hope you will never need us, TH 8/2/2003 Slogan should not neck of corporate waffle, hence sounding unreal For example DSP Merrill lynch (MF): Bullish on life, TOI 11/2/03 (Onida) MNC Electronics (Black TV): It will change your world DC 3/2/03 KLA Electronics (UPS): Leadership beyond compare, Data Quest 31/1/03 South Eastern Railways: Striving for excellence DC 10/2003 Slogan should not be a so what ? or Ho-hum statement For example Bharat overseas Bank Ltd, A bank owned by 7 banks (so what ?), CFA Jan 2003 Slogan should not make you say oh yeah For example: Apex Academy (IIT /JEE coaching): We take your career as seriously as you do! TOI 10/2/03 (o w yeah!) Videocon (Electronics): Technology for health and pleasure, Brand Equity Quiz Jan 03, (oh yeah!) Patni computers: world wide partnership, world wide solutions,TOI 5/2/03 (oh yeah!) Slogan should not be meaningless and complicated or clumsy For example AFL Private (Cargo): Where movement is a science, FI 31/1/03 Yamaha (Enticer 2 wheeler): Blue blooded Yamaha, TOI 4/2/03 Slogan could be trendy It implies that a slogan should be as short as possible Single word slogans are : Compaq HP: Invent , Data Quest 15/1/03 Apollo Tyres: unstoppable , BI Jan 20/Feb 2 2003 Two or three words slogans and three terse ideas such as: The new Indian express (news paper ): Sarvathra Vijayam Newspaper any day Business Today: For managing tomorrow , BT any issue Maruthi Vagon R: Inspired Engineering, Readers Digest Jan 2003 LG Electronics: Expand yourself, TOI 3/2/03 Syndicate Bank: Reliable, Responsible, CFA Jan 2003 Jaypee institute of mgt : Education, Enlightenment, Empowerment, TH 12/2/2003 Khazana Furniture: your status, your taste Your class, our solutions,TH 15/2/03 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Slogans with power-packed words conveying what the brand stands for are handy tools, for all companies big and small. One is yet to see a brand which expresses itself without words. Integral to brand building unequivocally are slogans. Slogans and non verbal messages reinforce each other in communication effort. A unique and winning slogan should be a product of aggressive brain churning done by more than one individual over a considerable length of time rather than just a few hours. Slogans framing calls for pooling of talents, clarifying of vision, visualizing of the graph line of products growth and evolving of a communication strategy. The exercise involves efforts of many creative people cutting across all echelons of organizational hierarchy, but primarily with a lead role assumed by top brass. Efforts and seriousness shown in slogan making foretells the future success of the brand, since it covers a wide range of decisions including strategic as well as tactical ones, if at all right decisions are anything to do with brands success. Slogan framing if interested to ad-hoc advertising professionals will be ill-fated unless the professionals are thoroughly familiar with the brands and its strategization through their long association with the brand. Focus on slogan making is focus on an area of paramount importance since it touches on strategization and communication. The analysis has boiled down to identification of chief functions of a slogan and critic for effective slogan. The functions of an effective slogan are: Credibility b) Convenience of recall c) Communicational ease d) Creative distinctiveness which is called 4Cs testing framework. 4Cs testing framework can not only help evaluate the effectiveness of a slogan but also create a new winning slogan. The first and foremost function of slogan is establishing as well as maintaining credibility for the brand. Timothy prescribes that it should be believable, should not be pretentious, should not be unreal, capable of invoking positive feelings, tout key benefits, represent personality of the brand and trigger deep strategy oriented thought process. Secondly, the slogan should help recall the brand name and the slogan itself. The prescriptive phrasing is that the slogan should be memorable, simple, and neat and reflect brands strategic orientation. Thirdly, the slogan should be of high creative distinctiveness, which of course is a product of high-rung creative thought process. The prescription for achieving this functionality is that the slogan should be trendy, original, differentiative and personality reflective. It should not be bland, generic, hackneyed and should not generate lackluster responses like so-what, ho-hum, oh-yeah etc. it should not be already in use by others and preferably should hedge itself against authorized or unauthorized use by competitors. It should not be a source of negative responses. Perhaps sarcastic phrasing will invoke negative responses only. Lastly, brand and business depend heavily on communicational ease of the message and slogan which is the subject on hand. The slogan should be campaignable and capable of providing ease of ordering a product by a customer. It should not be sarcastic lest negative responses are brought forth. Fig 3. 4Cs TESTING FRAMEWORK CREDIBILITY CONVENIENCE OF RECALL CREATIVE DISTINCTIVE-NESS COMMUNICATIONAL EASE Believable Not pretentious Not unreal Source of positive feeling speaks of key benefit. Memorable Aids in brand recall Simple Neat -Strategic Trendy Not bland Original Not in use by others Makes the brand standout Non-encroach able to competitors Does not generate lackluster responses Campaignable Ease in Ordering No

Comparing Oedipus Rex and King Lear Essay -- comparison compare contra

Comparing Oedipus Rex and King Lear   Ã‚   Oedipus Rex and King Lear are, as their titles announce, both about kings. These two plays are similar in theme and in the questions they pose to the audience. The kings in each play both fall from the pinnacle of power to become the most loathed of all classes in society; Oedipus discovers that he is a murderer and committer of incest, and Lear becomes a mad beggar. Misjudgments occur in both plays, and the same questions about the gods, fate, and free will are posed. In spite of these similarities, however, the final effects of these two plays differ greatly.    For me, as I read Oedipus Rex again this fall, I experienced a sensation nearly of agony. Because I had already known the myth as well as read the play, I was in the Greek's position of foreknowledge. This caused me to feel acutely the irony of Oedipus' confident declarations that the murderer of Laius should be "driven from every house, / Being, as he is, corruption itself to us," and again on the next page,    As for the criminal, I pray to God- Whether it be a lurking thief, or one of a number- I pray that that man's life be consumed in evil and wretchedness. And as for me, this curse applies no less If it should turn out that the culprit is my guest here, Sharing my hearth. (13-14)    Oedipus has absolutely no idea that the murderer he is denouncing so vehemently is, in fact, himself. The fact that the reader knows that, and he does not, becomes increasintly painful, especially in the line where Oedipus says, "And as for me, this curse applies no less...." Oedipus means only that he will not protect the guilty, even under the constraints of hospitality; he has absolutely no ... ...n has already occurred, is concentrated fully on them. King Lear comes to a much more acceptable resolution.    At the end of Oedipus Rex, I felt nothing but relief that the worst was finally over. King Lear also made me sigh heavily with relief, but it was more cathartic than the other. There is less agony in the experience of the play, and the ending is more resolved. While Sophocles leaves the audience with a burden of unresolved issues, Shakespeare, though not resolving them, makes them less cumbersome. In this way, King Lear, though no less a tragedy than Oedipus Rex, seems less ponderous and sad.   Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Ed. Russell Fraser. Newly revised ed. New York: Penguin Group, 1998. Sophocles. "Oedipus Rex." Trans. Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald. The Oedipus Cycle. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1939.

Investigate how the Concentration of Sucrose Solution affects the Masso

Investigate how the Concentration of Sucrose Solution affects the Mass of the Potato Chip Aim To find out how the concentration of sucrose solution affects the mass of the potato chip left in the solution for one day. Water Potential: The water potential of a solution is a measure of whether it is likely to lose or gain water molecules from another solution. A dilute solution, with its high proportion of free water molecules, is said to have higher water potential than a concentrated solution, because water will flow from the dilute to the concentrated solution (from a high potential to a low potential). Pure water has the highest possible water potential because water molecules will flow from pure water to any other aqueous solution, no matter how dilute. Prediction: Osmosis is the passage of water molecules from a weaker solution to a stronger solution, though a partially permeable membrane. In this case, the tiny holes in the membrane of the potatoes will allow the water molecules to pass through in and out of the solution and the potato, depending on the concentration gradient of the two substances. Semi-permeable membranes are very thin layers of material which allow some things to pass through, but prevent others. A cell membrane is semi permeable. They allow small molecules like oxygen, water, amino acids etc. to pass through but will not allow larger molecules like sucrose, starch, protein etc. through. A region of high concentration of water is either a very dilute solution of something like sucrose or pure water. In each case there is a lot of water: a high concentration of water. A region of low water concentration is the opposite of the above, i.e. a very high concentration of... ...pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. Turgidity is very important to plants because this is what makes the green parts of the plant "stand up" into the sunlight. Austen denied discogal_87's postmodernism . When plant cells are placed in concentrated sugar solutions they lose water by osmosis and they become "flaccid"; this is the exact opposite of "turgid". If you put plant cells into concentrated sugar solutions and look at them under a microscope you would see that the contents of the cells have shrunk and pulled away from the cell wall: they are said to be plasmolysed.coab abr seababw orab abk inab foab ab. When plant cells are placed in a solution which has exactly the same osmotic strength as the cells they are in a state between turgidity and flaccidity.

Barbara Ehrenreichs Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America E

Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Barbara Ehrenreich is a political/social journalist and writer. She is a best-selling author with a dozen book credits to her name. Her works include Blood Rites, The Worst Years of Our Lives, and Fear of Falling. She also has written articles for Time, Harpers, The New Republic, The Nation, and The New York Time Magazine. Her Ph.D. in biology endows her with the experience and discipline to approach as a scientific experiment the study resulting in her newest book, Nickel and Dimed. Light years removed from the kind of life she would eventually enter and write about, the genesis of the book happened during an expensive luncheon meeting with a magazine editor. As the conversation topic drifted, Ehrenreich casually wondered how people get by on the low wages of the â€Å"unskilled.† â€Å"Someone ought to do the old fashioned kind of journalism...go out there and try it for themselves,† she exhorted. She didn’t really have herself in mind, but her editor challenged her with a single word, â€Å"You.† The idea also came in the wake of sweeping welfare reform in 1996, which moved roughly four million women from the welfare rolls and into the workforce. The study Ehrenreich undertook then was to see how she could manage economically in the low wage work pool in which many such women found themselves. To prepare for the project, Ehrenreich set up some ground rules. When looking for work she would not fall back on the use of her usual skills as a writer, and she would take the highest paying job while at the same time seek the least expensive housing that still offered privacy and safety. Admittedly, she recognized the advantages she possessed -- good hea... ...ess, Ehrenreich’s book has received some criticism for its lack of policy suggestions. She does not offer concrete ideas on how to remedy this situation. Some also said she did not avail herself of the aide that is available. However, the reality is that those who need help aren’t magically endowed with the knowledge of how to receive it. In Barbara’s appeal for food assistance, it took initiative, seventy minutes of calling, driving, and nearly $3 spent in phone calls, which resulted in about $7 worth of food. In California, many of the working poor are made up of non-English speakers or those who are working here illegally. These people do not know where to start to get help or are not inclined to seek it for fear of reprisal. I found the book well written and very eye opening to the struggles faced by millions of women - and men - in the United States.

A Good Man essay

Misfit : Definitely round. He is a murderer. He lacks apathy for most of the family, but he takes time to talk to the grandmother. He is from a â€Å"good† family and seems to know how to talk the talk of a good southern boy. He actually seems touched by the grandmother's words, yet he is quickly repulsed by his apathy. He almost seemed like he was going to help out the stranded family until they reccognized them. The grandma is an example of a round/dynamic character because she has varied traits and her character changes during the story.She is caring because she does not want to leave the cat at home be itself, in fear that the cat will get hurt. Also, she is caution, warning her son about the speed limit and not to exceed the limit because patrolmen are hiding in order to catch law breakers. She is observant and appreciates the simple things in life, such as â€Å"stone mountain; the blue granite†¦ the brilliant red clay banks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On the way, she spots a â €Å"little Negro child† on the side of the road and she said â€Å"if I could paint, I’d paint that picture,† which shows her sincerity.The grandma is also funny, when John Wesley asked â€Å"where’s the plantation? † she responded, â€Å"Gone with the wind. † The grandmother is respectful towards the earth; she did not let the children throw the box and the paper napkins out the window. At times she feels embarrassed because of the way her grandchildren acts. The grandmother starts off sable then she became emotional. Another round/dynamic character is the Misfit. When the Misfit first encounters the family, he greets them with â€Å"Good afternoon. † When the grandmother â€Å"began to cry† the â€Å"Misfit reddened. This shows that the Misfit has compassion towards the grandmother that in seeing her cry he feels guilty. He sees the grandmother upset so he tries to comfort her by telling her â€Å"don’t you get upset . Sometimes a man says thing he don’t mean. I don’t reckon he meant to talk to you thataway. † At one point, the Misfit apologizes to the grandmother and the daughter in law for being shirtless in-front of them. The Misfit seems like a caring guy, but in the end he is a barbarian. He had the son, the daughter in law, and the two children killed.In the end, he shoots the grandmother â€Å"three times through the chest. † Flat characters have only one or two noticeable traits, and these traits do not change. Static character, remain the same throughout the narrative In contrast, June star and John Wesley are flat/static characters. Throughout the whole narrative both June Star and John Wesley are rude and has no manner. First of all, they never call the grandmother by her name or â€Å"grandmother,† they only call her â€Å"she. † The manner in which the children speak to the grandmother shows their lack of respect and their rudeness.When the g randmother did not want to go to Florida, John Wesley said â€Å"If you don’t want to go to Florida, why dontcha stay at home? † and June Star said â€Å"She wouldn’t stay at home for a million bucks† â€Å"Afraid she’d miss something. She has to go everywhere we go. † At the restaurant, the owner wife asked June Star, â€Å"would you like to come be my little girl? † and June Star responded, â€Å"No I certainly wouldn’t,† â€Å"I wouldn’t live in a broken down place like this for a million bucks! † which made the grandmother embarrassed.In the car, the children was yelling and screaming at their parents until they get their way. The reason to have round/dynamic and flat/static characters is so that they can contradict one another. If a narrative only has one character type then the narrative won’t be as engaging to the readers. The round/dynamic characters add excitement to the narrative because th ese characters are unpredictable, one never knows what they are going to say or do by Text-Enhancenext. On the other hand, the flat/static characters are boring.They are simply there to make the narrative complete by having varies characters. The different characters types in a narrative allow the reader to compare and contrast the characters The Misfit[-;0], from Flannery O'Connor[->1]'s short story titled A Good Man Is Hard to Find[-;2], seems to me to be a very realistic character. Although the reader's first impression of him is very much a stereotype, O'Connor causes his character to be the only rounded one among a group of flat[-;3], one-dimensional people.His reality is paradoxically heightened further by the predictable plot she puts him into. This definitely reflects on the symbolism that O'Connor is using within the story. O'Connor intends A Good Man Is Hard to Find to be the study of a deeply conflicted character. The Misfit wants on one level to be good, or to be known[- ;4] as good, but he can't rationalize away or separate himself from his actions. At the same time as he's executing a family, he's trying to explain why he's only doing what is necessary[-;5].He also seems to feel some type of connection with the grandmother, as if they're both basically of the same substance[->6], however dissimilar their lives have been. After reading through the short story a few times, I realized that the Misfit is meant to symbolize Satan[->7]. His characterization as a misfit, murderer, deceiver and escaped convict are just the most obvious similarities between the two beings. Both his revelations about himself and his obsession with Jesus Christ[->8] bear out this comparison,. ->0] – http://everything2. com/title/The+Misfit [->1] – http://everything2. com/title/Flannery+O%2527Connor [->2] – http://everything2. com/title/A+Good+Man+Is+Hard+to+Find [->3] – http://everything2. com/title/flat [->4] – http://everything2. com/titl e/known [->5] – http://everything2. com/title/necessary [->6] – http://everything2. com/title/the+same+substance [->7] – http://everything2. com/title/Satan [->8] – http://everything2. com/title/Jesus+Christ

Mapp V. Ohio

CRJU 310 Judge Oberholzer April 12, 2009 Mapp v. Ohio * Mapp v. Ohio * 367 U. S. 643 * (1961) * Character of Action Mrs. Mapp was found guilty and sentenced to prison 1-7 years. Mrs. Mapp and her attorney took the case to the Supreme Court in Ohio. * Facts: Three police officers went to Dollree Mapp’s house asking permission to enter into her house, because they believed that she was hiding a fugitive in her home. When she did not allow the police officers into her home, the police officers left and came back three hours later with a search warrant. When Ms. Mapp asked the police officer if she could see the warrant, he held up a piece of paper that was believed to be a fake warrant. The police officer handcuffed Ms. Mapp for â€Å"resisting arrest†. As the police officers looked around her house, they did not find any fugitive but they did find pornographic material in a suitcase that was by Mrs. Mapp’s bed. Mrs. Mapp told the police officers that the pornographic material was not hers but that it belonged to another individual that she had loaned the suitcase too. Mrs. Mapp was arrested, found guilty and sentenced for having pornographic material. * Issues: A. Was the issuance of the warrant by the police officer invalid in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments? YES. B. In the absence of a warrant, may a search and seizure take place in a person’s home without their consent? NO. C. Is evidence obtained, without a warrant, from voluntary submission of a third party inadmissible in a court of law in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments? NO. * Decision: The Court held that the exclusionary rule, which prevents unconstitutionally btained evidence from being introduced at trial, applies to states as well as to the federal government. * Majority Opinion: (by Justice Clark) Issue (A) — Yes. Reasons: i. The Fourteenth Amendment requires that a â€Å"neutral and detached magistrate† must issue a warrant. ii. Justice Clark declared, â€Å"The exclusionary rule should also apply to states, saying that states are not permitted to use evidence gained by illegal means to convict a person. With a 6-3 vote of approval, Mapp's case was overturned and the law was forever changed†. Issue (B) — No. Reasons: i. Justice Clark declared, â€Å"We hold that all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution [is] inadmissible in a state court†¦ Were it otherwise†¦ the assurance against unreasonable†¦ searches and seizures would be [meaningless]†. Mrs. Mapp at the time of her arrest was not issue a warrant just a piece of paper. The police officers still searched her house without her consent. 09. Concerning Opinion: by (Justice Black) Justice Black shares the doubt that â€Å"The Fourth Amendment alone can be used to prevent illegally obtained evidence from being used in state courts because it is not explicitly stated. Justice Black also believes the command that no unreasonable searches or seizures be allowed is too little to infer such a large decision. With these differences aside Justice Black feels that along with previous court decisions that the â€Å"Fourth Amendment's ban against unreasonable searches and seizures is considered together with the Fifth Amendment's ban against compelled self-incrimination, a constitutional basis emerges which not only justifies, but actually requires the exclusionary rule. Concurring/Dissenting Opinion: (by Justice Clark, whom the Chief Justice joins) These two justices, Clark and Brennan came to an agreement with Mrs. Mapp that her rights as a citizen of the United States were violated. Both Justices used the Fourth Amendment and that is evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against â€Å"unreasonable searches and seizures†, may not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts. Concurri ng/Dissenting Opinion: (by Chief Black) Justice Black found that the case was a combination of the Fourth and Fifth Amendment and not with the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Black turned out to be the swing vote. Even though, he joined the Court’s opinion he did it for his own reasons. For the reason, Justice Black wrote a separate opinion that was not joined by any other justice. Concurring/Dissenting Opinion: (by Justice Stewart) Justice Stewart wrote the majority opinion in Elkins. Yet, he refused to join the Court’s opinion. He did vote with the majority to reverse Mrs. Mapp’s conviction. 10. Comment: Mapp v. Ohio is an important case that made history. For the reason it has to do the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment. All evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Federal Constitution is inadmissible in a criminal trial in a state court. Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U. S. 25, overruled insofar as it holds to the contrary. Pp. 367 U. S. 643-660. (A) A warrant must be issued by a â€Å"neutral and detached magistrate† who is not involved in either the investigation or prosecution of the suspect upon whom such a warrant is issued (Harvard Law Review, Vol. 5(3), 1971, pp. 239-250). (B) At the trial, no search warrant was produced by the prosecution, nor was the failure to produce one explained or accounted for. At best, â€Å"There is, in the record, considerable doubt as to whether there ever was any warrant for the search of defendant's home. † 170 Ohio St. at 430, 166 N. E. 2d at 389. The Ohio Supreme Court believed a â€Å"reasonable argument† coul d be made that the conviction should be reversed â€Å"because the methods' employed to obtain the [evidence] . . . here such as to `offend â€Å"a sense of justice,†Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬  but the court found determinative the fact that the evidence had not been taken â€Å"from defendant's person by the use of brutal or offensive physical force against defendant. † 170 Ohio St. at 431, 166 N. E. 2d at 389-390. Mrs. Mapp took a stand against the police officers because she felt she was doing nothing wrong. The police officers assumed that Mrs. Mapp was involved in hiding a fugitive as well as in hiding some illegal betting equipment. When the police officers got to Mrs. Mapp’s house they asked to go in she said â€Å"no†. Three hours later the police officers came back with a piece of paper (not a search warrant) when Mrs. Mapp asked to see the warrant she had to struggle to get it. The judges overturned the conviction because the police officers had violated the fourth Amendment. 11. Principle of the Case: A warrant issued by any public official, other than â€Å"neutral and detached magistrate† is invalid in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. A person’s home cannot be searched without their consent or without a search warrant.

Corporations Essay

CHAPTER 19 CORPORATIONS 1. – THE NATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF CORPORATIONS A corporation is a legal entity created and recognized by state law. It can consist of one or two persons identified under a common name. CORPORATE PERSONNEL When an individual purchases a share of stock in a corporation, that person becomes a shareholder and owner of the corporation. Shareholder and corporations are liable. THE LIMITED LIABILITY OF SHAREHOLDER One of the key advantages of the corporate forms is the limited liability of its owners. Corporate shareholders normally are not personally liable for the obligations of the corporation beyond the extent of their investments. CORPORATE TAXATION Corporate profits are taxed, and do not receives tax deduction for dividends distributed to shareholders. Profits that are not distributed are retained by the corporation. These retained earnings if invested properly, will yield higher corporate profits in the future. TORTS AND CRIMINAL ACTS A corporation is liable for the torts committed by its agents or officers within the course and scope of their employment. Corporation may be held liable for criminal acts of its agents and employees, provided the punishment is one that can be applied to the corporation, corporation can be fined. CORPORATION SENTENCING GUIDELINES Penalties depend on factors and executives involvement. Corporate lawbreakers can face fines smaller amounting or to hundreds of millions of dollars. When a company has taken substantial steps to prevent, investigate, and punish wrongdoing, such as by establishing and enforcing crime prevention  standards, a court may impose less serious penalties. Corporate sentencing guidelines require corporations to train employees on how to comply with relevant laws. CLASSIFICATION OF CORPORATIONS Domestic, foreign, and alien corporations * Domestic corporation; by its home state (the state in which it incorporates). * Foreign corporation; corporation formed in one state but doing business in another state. * Alien corporation; corporation formed in another country but doing business on the E.E.U.U. In some instances, the corporation must obtain a certificate of authority in any state which plans to do business. But the foreign corporation does not need this certificate to sell goods over the internet. Public and private corporations * Public corporation, is one formed by the government to meet some political purpose, such a U.S. Postal service, AMTRAK. A public corporation is not the same as a publicly held corporation. A publicly held corporation is any corporation whose shares are publicly traded in a securities market, such as the New York Stock Exchange or over the counter market. * Private corporation, are created for private benefit. Most corporations are private although they may serve a public purpose. Nonprofit corporation Corporation formed for purposes other making a profit are called nonprofit or not-for-profit corporations. Private hospitals, educational institutions, charities, and religious organizations for example, are organized as nonprofit organization. Close corporations A close corporations is one whose shares are held by members of a family or by relatively few persons. Referred also as closely held, family, or privately held corporations. Usually the members of the small group  constituting a close corporation are personally know to each other. A close corporation is often operated like a partnership. *Management of close corporations To prevent a majority shareholder from dominating a close corporation, the corporation may require that more than a simple majority of the directors approve any action taken by the board. *Transfer of shares in close corporations The transfer of one shareholder’s shares to someone else can cause serious management problems. Control of a close corporation can also be established through the use of shareholder agreement. S corporations A close corporation that meets the qualifying requirements specified in subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code can operate as an S corporation. If a corporation has a S corporation status, it can avoid the imposition of income taxes at the corporate level while retaining many of the advantages of a corporation, particularly limited liability. *Qualification requirement for S corporations 1) The corporation must be a domestic corporation. 2) The corporation must not be a member of an affiliated group of corporations. 3) The shareholders of the corporation must be individuals, estates, or certain trusts. 4) The corporation must have no more than one hundred shareholders. 5) The corporation must have only one class of stock, although all shareholders do not need to have the same voting rights. 6) No shareholder of the corporation may be a nonresident alien. *Benefits of a S corporations 1) When a corporation has losses, the S election allows the shareholders to use the losses to offset other taxable income. 2) When the shareholder’s tax bracket is lower than the tax bracket for regular corporations. The S election causes the corporation’s entire income to be taxed in the shareholder’s bracket, whether it is distributed. Professional corporation Professional corporation such as physician, lawyers, dentists, and accountants can incorporate. There is generally no limitation on liability for acts of malpractice or obligations incurred because of a breach of duty to a client of a PC. In many states, professional persons are liable not only for their own negligent acts, but also for the misconduct of persons under their direct supervision who render professional services. A shareholder in a professional corporation is generally protected from contractual liability and cannot be held liable for the torts that are committed by other professional at the firm. 2. – CORPORATE FORMATION One of the most common reasons for creating a corporation is the need for additional capital to finance expansion. Incorporation may be the best choice for an expanding business organization because a corporation can obtain more capital by issuing shares to stock. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES Persons rarely engage in preliminary promotional activities. It is important for businesspersons to understand that they are personally liable for all preincorporation contracts made investor, accountants, or others on behalf of the future corporation. INCORPORATION PROCEDURES Exact procedures for incorporation differ among states, but the basic steps are as follows: 1) Select a state of incorporation. 2) Secure the corporate name. 3) Prepare the articles of incorporation. 4) File the articles of incorporation with the secretary of state. Selecting the state of incorporation Because laws differ from state to state. States fees are considered too. Securing the corporate name The choice of a corporate name is subject to state approval to ensure against duplication or deception. All the states require the corporation name to include the word corporation (Corp.), Incorporated (Inc.), company (Co.), or limited (Ltd.). Preparing the articles of incorporation The primary document needed to incorporate a business is the articles of incorporation, must include the following information; 1) The name of the corporation. 2) The number of shares the corporation is authorized to issue. 3) The name and address of the corporation’s initial registered agent. 4) The name and address of each incorporator. *Shares of the corporation The articles must specify the number of shares of stock the corporation is authorized to issue. A company might state that the aggregate number of shares that the corporation has the authority to issue is 5k. *Registered office and agent The corporation must indicate the location and address where of it registered office within the state. *Incorporators Each incorporator must be listed by name and address. *Duration and purpose A corporation has a perpetual existence unless the articles state otherwise. The owners may want to prescribe a maximum duration, however, after which the corporation must formally renew its existence. A corporation can be formed for any lawful purpose. *Internal organization Articles can describe the corporation’s internal management structure, although this is usually included in the bylaws adopted after the corporation is formed. Filing the articles with the State Once the articles of incorporation have been prepared and signed by the incorporators, they are sent to the appropriate state official, usually the secretary of State. FIRST ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING TO ADOPT BYLAWS Usually, the most important function of this meeting is the adoption of bylaws. If the articles of incorporation named the initial board of directors, then the directors, by majority vote, call the meeting to adopt the bylaws and complete the company’s organization. DEFECTS IN FORMATION AND CORPORATE STATUS The procedures for incorporation are very specific. If they are not allowed precisely, others may be able to challenge the existence of the corporation. When the corporation seeks to enforce a contract against a defaulting party that party may be able to avoid liability on the ground of a defect in the incorporation procedure. De Jure and De Facto corporations If a corporation has substantially complied with all conditions precedent to incorporation, a corporation is said to have de jure existence. Because a de jure corporation is one that is properly formed, neither the state nor third party can attack its existence. Sometimes, there is a defect in complying with statutory mandates, under these circumstances the corporation may have de facto status, meaning that it will be treated as a legal corporation despite the defect in its formation. The following elements are required for de facto status; 1) There must be a state statute under which the corporation can be incorporated. 2) The parties must have made a good faith attempt to comply with the statute. 3) The enterprise must already have undertaken to do business as a corporation. Corporation by Estoppel If a business holds itself out to others as being a corporation but has made no attempt to incorporate, the firm normally will be stopped from denying corporate status lawsuit by a third party. When justice requires, the courts treat an alleged corporation as if it were an actual corporation for the purpose of determining the rights and liabilities in particular circumstances. A corporation by estoppels is thus determined by the situation. CORPORATE POWERS When a corporation is created, the express and implied powers necessary to achieve its purpose also come into existence. The following order of priority is used if a conflict arises among the various documents involving a corporation; 1) U. S. Constitution. 2) Constitution of the state of incorporation. 3) State statutes. 4) Articles of incorporation. 5) Bylaws. 6) Resolutions of the board of directors. To borrow funds, the corporation acts through its board of directors to authorize the loan. ULTRA VIRES DOCTRINE The term ultra vires means â€Å"beyond the power†. Most cases dealing with ultra vires acts have involved contracts made for unauthorized purposes. In some states, when a contract is entirely executor, either party can use a defense of ultra vires to prevent contract enforcement. 3. – PIERCING CORPORATE VEIL Occasionally, the owners use a corporate entity to perpetrate a fraud, circumvent the law, or in some other way accomplish an illegitimate objective. In these situations, the court will ignore the corporate structure and pierce the corporate veil. The following are some of the factors that frequently cause of the courts to pierce the corporate veil; 1) A party is tricked into a dealing. 2) The corporation is set up never to make a profit or always to be insolvent. Not enough money when it formed. 3) Statutory corporate formalities, such a holding required corporation meeting, are not allowed. 4) Personal and corporate interests are mixed together. THE COMINGLING OF PERSONAL AND CORPORATE ASSETS The potential for corporate assets to be used for personal benefit its especially great in a close corporation, in which the shares are held by a single person or by few individuals. In such a situation, the separate status of the corporate entity and the shareholder must be carefully preserved. Certain practices invite trouble â€Å"family owned corporation†, the comingling of corporate and personal funds, the failure to remit taxes, including payroll, and the shareholders continuous personal use of corporate property. LOANS TO THE CORPORATION Corporation laws usually do not specifically prohibit a shareholder from leading funds to her or his corporation. Any transaction has to be made in a good faith and for fair value. 4. – DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, AND SHAREHOLDERS ROLE OF DIRECTORS The board of directors is the ultimate authority in every corporation. Directors have responsibility for all policymaking decisions necessary to the management of all corporate affairs. Just as shareholders cannot act individually to bind the corporation, the directors must act as a body in carrying out routine corporate business. The board selects and removes the corporate officers. Election of directors Can be less than three, directors are elected by a majority vote of the shareholders. *Removal of directors A director can be removed for cause (failing to perform). *Vacancies on the board of directors Can occur because of death or resignation or when a new position is created through amendment of the articles or bylaws. Compensation of directors Director usually are compensated for time, effort, etc. In many corporations directors are also chief corporate officers and receive compensation in their managerial positions. Board of directors meetings The board of directors conducts business by holding formal meetings with recorded minutes. The date of regular meetings are usually established in the articles or by board resolution. Rights of directors A corporate director must have rights to function properly in that position. COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1) Executive committee. The board members often elect an executive committee of directors to handle the interium management decisions between board of directors meetings. 2) Audit committee. Is responsible for the selection, compensation, and oversight of the independent public accountants who audit the corporations financial records. 3) Nominating committee. This one chooses the candidates for the board of directors that management wishes to submit to the shareholders in the next election. 4) Compensation committee. Reviews and decides the salaries, bonuses, stock options and other benefits. 5) Litigation committee. Decides whether the corporation should pursue requests by shareholders to file a lawsuit against some party that has allegedly harmed the corporation. CORPORATE OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVES Officers and other executives are hired by the board of directors. DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS Are deemed to be fiduciaries of the corporation because their relationship with the corporation and its shareholders is one of trust and confidence. Duty of care Directors and officers must exercise due care in performing their duties, they need to act in a good faith. If directors and officers failed to exercise due care results in harm to the corporation can be held liable for negligence. *Duty to make informed and reasonable decisions Directors and officers are expected to be informed on corporate matters and to conduct a reasonable investigations of this situations before making a decision. *Duty to exercise reasonable supervision Directors are also expected to exercise a reasonable amount of supervision when they delegate work to corporate officers and employees. *Dissenting directors Directors are also expected to attend board of directors meetings, and their votes should be entered into the minutes. Unless a dissent is entered in the minutes, the director is presumed to have assented. Dissenting directors are rarely held individually liable to the corporation. *The business judgment rule Directors and officers are expected to exercise due care and to use their best judgment in guiding corporate management, but they are not insurers of business success. Under the business judgment rule, a corporate director or officer will not be liable to the corporation or to its shareholders mistakes of judgment and bad business decisions. Duty of loyalty Defined as faithfulness to one’s obligations and duties. Typically involve; 1) Competing with the corporation. 2) Usurping a corporate opportunity 3) Having an interest that conflicts with the interest of the corporation. 4) Engaging in insider trading. 5) Authorizing a corporate transaction that is detrimental to minority shareholders. 6) Selling control over the corporation. Conflicts of interest Corporate directors often have many business affiliations, and a director may sit on the board of more than one corporation. Sometimes engage personal interest too. Liability of directors and officers Corporate directors and officers are personally liable for their own torts and crimes. Additionally they may be held personally liable for the torts and crimes committed by corporate personnel under their direct supervision. THE ROLE OF SHAREHOLDERS The acquisition of a share of stock makes a person an owner of and shareholder in a corporation, shareholders own the corporation but have no right to manage it. Basically the shareholders ownership control is limited to voting to elect or remove members of the board of directors and deciding whether to approve fundamental changes in the corporation. Shareholders are not agents of the corporation, nor do they have legal title to the corporations property, such as its building and equipment, they simply have an equitable (ownership) in the firm. Shareholders powers Shareholders must approve fundamental changes affecting the corporations before the changes can be implemented. Shareholder approval normally is required to amend the articles of incorporation or bylaws, to conduct a merger or dissolve the corporation, and to sell all or substantially all of the corporations assets. Shareholders have the power to vote to elect or remove members of the board of directors. Shareholders meetings At least annually and proper notice need to be send it. *Proxies The law allows stockholders to either vote in person or appoint another person as their agent to vote their shares at the meetings. The signed appointment form authorizing an agent to vote the shares is called proxy. Shareholder voting Shareholders exercises ownership control through the power of their votes. Corporate business matters are presented in the form of resolutions, which shareholders vote to approve or disapprove. *Quorum requirements At least 50% need to be present. Extraordinary corporate matters, such as a merger, consolidation, or the dissolution of the corporation require approval by a higher percentage of representatives of all corporate shares entitled to vote. *Voting list The RMBCA requires a corporation to maintain an alphabetical voting list of shareholders. *Cummulative voting Most states permit and some require, shareholders to elect directors by cumulative voting, a voting method designed to allow minority shareholders to be represented on the board of directors. *Other voting techniques A voting trust is an agreement under which shareholder transfers the shares to a trustee, usually for a specified period of time. The trustee is responsible for voting the shares on behalf of the beneficiary-shareholder. RIGHTS OF SHAREHOLDERS Stock certificates Is a certificate issued by a corporation that evidences ownership of a specified number of shares in the corporation. In jurisdiction that require the issuance of stock certificates, shareholders have the right to demand that the corporation issue certificates and record their names and addresses in the corporate stock record books. Preemptive rights With preemptive rights a shareholder receives a preference over all other purchasers to subscribe to or purchase a prorated share of a new issue of stock. Which means a shareholder who is given preemptive rights can purchase the same percentage of the new shares being issued as she or he already holds in the company. This rule does not apply to treasury shares, shares that are authorized but have not been issued. Stock warrants Are rights to buy stock at a stated price by a specified date that are given by the company. Dividends Is a distribution of corporate profits or income orders by the directors and paid to the shareholders in proportion to their respective shares in the corporation. *Sources of funds for dividends Depending on the state law, dividends may be paid from the following sources; 1) Retained earnings 2) Net profits 3) Surplus *Directors failure to declare a dividend Shareholders can ask the court to compel the directors to meet and declare a dividend. To succeed the shareholders must show that the directors have acted so unreasonably in withholding the dividend that their conduct is an abuse of their discretion. Inspection rights Shareholders in a corporations enjoy both law and statutory inspection right (but limited). This include inspect voting lists, specified corporate records. Transfer of shares Corporate stock represents an ownership right in intangible personal property. The law generally recognizes the right of an owner to transfer property to another person unless there are valid restrictions on its transferability. Rights on dissolution When a corporation is dissolved and its outstanding debts and the claims of its creditors have been satisfied, the remaining assets are distributed on a pro rata basis among the shareholders. The shareholders derivative suit When the corporation is harmed by the actions of a third party, the directors can bring a lawsuit in the name of the corporation against that party. LIABILITY OF SHAREHOLDERS One of the hallmarks of the corporate organization is that shareholders are nor personally liable for the debts of the corporation. If the corporation fails the shareholder can lose their investment but that is the limit of their liability. Watered stock When a corporation issued shares for less than their fair market value, the shares are referred as watered stock. Usually the shareholder who receives the watered stock must to pay the difference to the corporation. Duties of majority shareholders A majority shareholder is regarded as having a fiduciary duty to the corporation and to the minority shareholders. This occurs when a single shareholder owns a sufficient number of shares to exercise de facto control over the corporation. In these cases the majority shareholders owe a fiduciary duty to the minority shareholders. A breach of fiduciary duties by those who control a closely held corporation normally constitutes what is known as oppressive conduct. 5. – MAJOR BUSINESS FORMS COMPARED

Communication & Emoticons Essay

Communication through the use of computer and the Internet used to be impersonal and largely for business-related tasks. With the formation of chat rooms, social interaction in the Internet became commonplace even creating a culture of its own. This culture evolved to include emoticons as a way of expressing emotions that otherwise would have been impossible to show. Emoticons become the electronic equivalent of a person’s reactions that could only be shown in a face-to-face interaction. In business communication, emoticons are seldom used unless the correspondents are close acquaintances. If they are used, it is often limited to the smiley icon to soften what otherwise would sound a stern message. In chat rooms and informal communications, more than 50 emoticons are available to make the conversation or message come alive. A person can use an emoticon for being angry, pleased, confused, sarcastic, and surprised using icons that are already made embedded in chat rooms or e-mail servers. Other emoticons can also be made using a few key strokes. While emoticons have become part of electronic interaction, many people still could not understand their use and implication. Often, only the Internet savvy use emoticons among themselves. In the older generation, emoticons in e-mail messages do not illicit the same response, rather, they could be the possible source of confusion. D’Addario says in a research article that the smiley faces, one type of emoticon, does not affect the emotional response of most e-mail message readers. This indicates that while emoticons have become part of electronic social communication, its impact on people would vary. Some people may find themselves understanding the mood of the party, others will be indifferent, while some would not understand. Reference D’Addario, K. P. Do Those Little â€Å"Smiley-Faces† In Electronic Mail Have An Effect On The Reader? Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www. macobserver. com/kpd/emoticonpaper. html

To what extent was the Enlightenment socially inclusive Essay

To what extent was the Enlightenment socially inclusive - Essay Example Scholars such as Robert Darnton associated enlightenment with the conventional enlightenment philosophy. As observed by modern scholars, to understand the extent in which enlightenment was socially inclusive, systematic evaluation on intellectual progress that took place to both intellectuals and other people from different social status is vital (Hof 1994, p. 91). Initially, enlightenment involved both low and high enlightenment process in Europe at different levels. The essay will therefore focus on the extent in which enlightenment was socially inclusive. The extent to which enlightenment was socially inclusive in the European continent in the 18th century can best be evaluated by systematically analysing two enlightenments, the low enlightenment and the high enlightenment. The high enlightenment is the intellectual progress among the intelligent people of the 18th century who included professional elites and nobles. These elites and other intellectuals in the society were also in a position of accessing, reading, and writing publications such as encyclopaedia (Israel 2001, p. 127). In addition, high enlightenment received impetus from natural philosophical writings and publications. The works and publications of natural philosophers as well as the role of academic institutions increased the popularity and intellectual curiosity of the high enlightenment. Moreover, the elites and professionals in the 18th century came up with â€Å"Republic of Letters† that were read by people from different states in Europe (Chukwudi Eze 1996, P. 256). Professionals and social elites who did not take part in writing publications participated in reading and debating the enlightenment ideas and teaching either in their social gathering or in salon centres. Social and political leaders and advisors also showed endless interests in opinions, teachings, and ideas that were contained in the â€Å"Republic Of Letters†. Religious leaders including Frederick the great also confirmed that, the ideas and contents that were contained in the â€Å"Republic of Letters† demonstrated religious tolerance in the treatment of Huguenots, Jesuits and Jews (Muthu, 2003, p. 137). Despite being apparent, the definition and the explanation of the ideas that are contained in high enlightenment has proved to be complicated. Example of the existing contradictions in the understanding and definition of the contents contained in enlightenment is found in â€Å"Essay on Miracle† composed by David Hume’s in 1748. The essay questions the existence of miracle as stated in the publications that talk about enlightenment. Thomas Sherlock’s â€Å"Trial of the Witness of the Resurrection of Jesus† (1729) confirms the existence of miracle in the society. Currently, there is no specific party charter that can be used by scholars to understand the enlightenment principles (Rousseau and Porter 1990, P. 147). Despite insufficient information rega rding enlightenment principles, scholars have made several generalisations on the principles of enlightenment. Enlightenment talked about the significance and relevance of intellectual curiosity. Enlightenment also emphasised the importance of pursuing practical ideas that could improve human life. In addition, scholars also taught the significance of independent mind and debate as well as the need for revaluation of the entire bodies of knowledge (Black 1990, p. 91). Low